Table 2.

Spaceflight as a Model of Accelerated Aging.

	~6 months of Spaceflight + Exercise	~10 years of Healthy Aging
Physiological
Cardiac Morphology	↔16 or ↓15 LV mass	↑99 LV wall thickness ↓99 LV mass
Cardiac Function	↔16 systolic function ↓15 diastolic function	↔100 systolic function ↓100 diastolic function
Cardiac Conduction	↑8 risk of atrial fibrillation	↑101 risk of atrial fibrillation
Vascular Morphology	↑102 arterial size above the heart ↑102 intima media thickness	↑103 arterial size ↑104 intima media thickness
Vascular Function	↑28 arterial stiffness ↓29 jugular venous flow	↑105 arterial stiffness ↓106 jugular venous flow
Orthostatic Tolerance	↔38, 39 risk of orthostatic intolerance with fluid countermeasures	↑107 risk
Hematological	↓25 red blood cells	↓108 red blood cells
Exercise Tolerance	↓5 peak oxygen consumption	↓109 peak oxygen consumption
	Spaceflight Model	Aging Model
Biological
Genomic Stability	↑110 genomic instability	↑111 genomic instability
Telomere Length	↑4 telomere length	↓112 telomere length
Epigenetics	↑113 epigenetic alterations	↑ 114epigenetic alterations
Proteostasis	↓115 proteostasis (↓ drosophila; ? other models)	↓116 proteostasis
Mitochondrial Function	↑53 mitochondrial dysfunction	↑117 mitochondrial dysfunction
Cellular Division	↑118 cellular senescence	↑68 cellular senescence
Stem Cell Function	↑58 stem cell exhaustion	↑119 stem cell exhaustion
Intracellular Communication	↑93 altered intercellular communication	↑120 altered intercellular communication