Table 4:
Selected examples of cell-based biomaterial strategies for lymphangiogenesis
| Biomaterial Carrier |
Delivered Cell Type | Therapeutic Concentrations (Cells/ml Hydrogel) |
Predicted Lymphangiogenic Mechanism |
Intended Purpose |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collagen | ECs | Not specified | Formed lymphatic vessels that support drainage | Vascularized scaffolds for tissue engineering applications | [193-195] |
| Thoracic duct fragments | Not specified | 3D matrix to Support Lumen Forming Capillaries | Identify Lymphangiogenesis Regulators | [196] | |
| Lymph node fragment | Not specified | Stimulate lymphatic regeneration | Direct lymphangiogenesis for secondary lymphedema | [180] | |
| Adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments | Not specified | Rapidly assemble into vasculature networks | Implant for full-thickness skin defects | [197, 198] | |
| LECs Fibroblasts | 6.0 x 1044.0 x 104 | Creating prevascularized hydrogels with blood and lymphatic vessel | Skin grafts for severe skin defects | [199] | |
| Fibrin | ECs Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells | Not specified | Creating prevascularized hydrogels with blood and lymphatic vessel | Drug screening and tissue engineering applications | [200] |
| LECs Fibroblasts Keratinocytes | 4.0-6.0 x 104 4.0 x 1041.0 x 106 | Supports blood and lymphatic vessel that anastomosis in vivo | Skin grafts for severe skin defects | [199] | |
| LECs Fibroblasts | 8.0 x 1061.0 x 107 | Provides interstitial flow to promote lymphatic sprouting | Drug screening and biological studies application | [201] | |
| Gelatin | Adipose-Derived Stem Cells | 1.0 x 104 | Paracrine signaling and lymphatic endothelial differentiation | Lymphangiogenesis for lymphedema treatment | [146] |
| Gelatin/PCL | MSCs | Not specified | Enhancing host cell survival and providing paracrine signaling | Therapy for myocardial infarction | [202] |
| Peptide | EPCs | 1.7 x 107 | Supporting EPC survival in hypoxia and incorporating into lymphatic vascular | Therapy for myocardial infarction | [152] |
| PLGA | Aortic Endothelial Cells Smooth Muscle Cells Skeletal Muscle Cells | Not specified | Supporting new vasculature | Promote lymphatic structures | [203] |
| LECs | 2.4 x 108 | Allow for cell adhesion | Structure for new lymphatic vessels | [204] | |
| Intestinal Organoids | Not specified | Increase VEGFR-3 positive cells at scaffold | Developing lymphatic vessels in the neointestine | [205] |