Table 2.
The potential countermeasures to attenuate the RIHD.
| Antioxidants | Results | Non-antioxidant agents | Mechanism | Results |
| Amifostine132,133 | + | Statins138,139 | Cholesterol-lowering drugs | + |
| Black grape juice134,135 | + | Captopril142,143 | ACE inhibitor | + |
| Water saturated with molecular hydrogen134,135 | + | Nitric oxide-releasing aspirin141 | Anti-platelet agent | - |
| Tetrahydrobiopterin (in vitro)154 | + | Thalidomide144 | Inactivate macrophages | - |
| Melatonin136,155 | + | Pentoxifylline plus α-tocopherol65,130 | Inhibits intracellular signals in response to TGFβ and CTGF | + |
| L-carnitine137 | + | IPW-5371145 | TGF-β receptor 1 inhibitor | + |
| Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia153 | -- | MSC146–148 | DNA repair | + |
| Palladium lipoic acid complex152 | Targets mitochondrial complex I | -- | ||
| -- | -- | Sunitinib129 | Tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor | + |
| -- | -- | L-carnitine137 | Inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis | + |
| -- | -- | Colchicine131 | Inhibiting the inflammation and anti-platelet-aggregation | + |
| -- | -- | Huangqi Shengmai Yin156 | Regulating the TGF-β1/Smads and MMPs | + |