Table 1.

Genetic manipulations for altering BacNav biophysical properties.

Mutation	Intended effects
Altering membrane voltage dependencies of BacNav activation and inactivation
D60X	Right-shifted inactivation (via substitution by neutral and positive amino acids) (Shimomura et al., 2011)
E43X	Right-shifted inactivation (via substitution by neutral and positive amino acids) (Shimomura et al., 2011)
E70X or D91X	Left-shifted activation (via substitution by neutral and positive amino acids) (Blanchet et al., 2007)
D237G, E238G, E239G	Left-shifted activation (Shaya et al., 2014)
M232A	Left-shifted activation (Shaya et al., 2014)
R110C, R113C, R116C, R119C	These are gating charges of the voltage-sensing domain. Right-shifted inactivation via substitution by neutral amino acids (Chahine, Pilote, Pouliot, Takami, & Sato, 2004)
Speeding up gating kinetics
L64T	Faster activation and inactivation kinetics via substitution by hydrophilic amino acids (Lacroix, Campos, Frezza, & Bezanilla, 2013)
F218A	Faster activation and inactivation kinetics
A216G	Faster inactivation kinetics (Irie et al., 2010)

Note: The amino acid residues shown in table are based on Na_vSheP. The actual position may vary in different BacNa_v orthologs.