FIGURE 1.

For the applied example on memory consolidation, a smoothed density estimate for standard calibrated estimates⁵ that do not condition on covariates (black curve) and for calibrated estimates that have been shifted to covariate level Z = 0 (orange curve), as in Equation 2.4. Solid red line: the shifted threshold $q-z{\widehat{\beta }}_1$ for q = 0.20 and for covariate level z = (1,8). Dashed red line: the shifted threshold $q-z_0{\widehat{\beta }}_1$ for reference covariate level z₀ = (0,2)