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. 2022 Apr 6;32(3):589–615. doi: 10.1007/s11191-022-00332-4

Table 2.

Document fragments highly relevant to each topic

Topic Document fragments highly relevant to each topic
Topic 1

...Experiments are used to test theories or verify certain phenomena...an experiment enables researchers to develop something that they think can be established based on the theory...

...scientific theories will change...with the development and progress of society and the advancement of experimental equipment, we have secured better conditions to study, verify, improve, and apply the scientific and theoretical knowledge we have gained, maintain a questioning attitude, and discover problems..

...a scientist's determination of the characteristics of a species is limited to his theory...these characteristics will change, and their accuracy is difficult to verify..

Topic 2

...an experiment is an inquiry conducted to verify the correctness of a truth...the process of verifying other truths through known truths is also an experiment..

...science is about organizing knowledge and obtaining regular and truthful experiences...scientific subjects comprise scientific truths, they are truths obtained by scientists after continuous trials and experiments...knowledge of scientific disciplines can be used to solve problems..

Topic 3 ...different scientists get different reasons for the extinction of dinosaurs based on the same data, because different scientists think differently...scientists could not use existing data to experiment on how the dinosaurs went extinct..
Topic 4

...when scientists develop a theory, that scientific theory is different from the original scientific theory. The key is that the applicable conditions of the theory are no longer the same. For example, when Newton's law of motion was proposed..

... Scientific theories are different from scientific laws. Scientific theory is a set of research methods and science for a specific field, and should contain scientific laws..

Topic 5 ... In the beginning, Thomson proposed... Rutherford used...and found that... Prove the nuclear structure..
Topic 6

... Science uses real and natural methods to help people understand the world. It does not involve too many human emotions..

... The development of scientific knowledge certainly requires experiments...although some experiments were created in a certain way..

Topic 7 ...scientists infer the position of the nucleus from the motion of the atom... Later, various microscopes with high magnification were used..
Topic 8 ... I believe experimentation refers to a series of actions in which learners or researchers design and perform specific operations when exploring an unknown problem or verifying a known problem. For example, in physics, to verify Newton's second law, we..
Topic 9

... Experiments are based on existing knowledge, using instruments and methods of..... to conduct a scientific exploration process of a certain understanding or knowledge...

... Imagination and creativity are used to plan and design the collection of data....

Topic 10 ... Science is the exploration of the objective laws of the world, and its goal should be the general laws that cannot be changed by people and their observation and thinking..
Topic 11

... Science is a theory that accurately reflects the nature and laws of the world..

... Scientific theories have rigorous logic and systematic characteristics, and scientific theories are the tools based on the processing of the consensus of known sensory information.

Topic 12

... I believe that science is the product of advanced technology in an era based on social development, which can reflect the level of scientific and technological development...

... I believe that science is integrated with social and cultural values. First...than..