Table 3.

Summary of high-level results and conclusions comparing the 9 methods.

Methods			Summary
Standard Survival Analysis	Censor death at the time of death	1a: Cox PH Model	Low death Rate (≤ 5%) No substantial impact on the statistical inference. Moderate to severe death rate (15%–25%) In general, lower chance to detect the treatment efficacy in the scenario that treatment reduces the death rate.
		2a: Log Rank Test
		3a: RMST
	Censor death at Day 28	1b: Cox PH Model	Analogous to competing risk analysis methods for the respective simulation settings.
		2b: Log Rank Test
		3b: RMST
Competing Risk Analysis		4: Subdistribution Hazard Model	Well established survival analysis methods to handle competing risk data. Incorporating the death effect into consideration for the claim of treatment efficacy on recovery.
		5: CIF Chi-square
		6: CIF AUC

Method 1a: Cox PH model, censor death at the time of death;

Method 1b: Log rank test, censor death at the time of death;

Method 1c: Test the Restricted Mean Survival Time (RMST) difference, censor death at the time of death;

Method 2a: Cox PH model, censor death at Day 28;

Method 2b: Log rank test, censor death at Day 28;

Method 2c: Test the Restricted Mean Survival Time (RMST) difference, censor death at Day 28;

Method 4: Subdistribution hazard model;

Method 5: Test cumulative incidence function (CIF) difference using a modified log-rank Chi-square test;

Method 6: Test the difference of the area under the cumulative incidence function (CIF) curve.