Table 3.
Marburg virus outbreaks epidemiology and case fatality rate (CFR) in accordance with the outbreak strain
| Month & Year | Country | City | Strain(s) | Origin (some origins are precarious) | Number of cases | Deaths | CFR (Case-fatality rate) | Epidemiology | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August, 1967 | Germany | Marburg | MARV Ci67, MARV Flak, MARV Hartz, MARV “L”, MARV Porton, MARV Popp, MARV Rat, MARV Voe | Uganda | 24 | 5 | 20.83% | Infection from African green monkey’s infected tissues imported from Uganda | [59,60] |
| Germany | Frankfurt | 6 | 2 | 33.33% | |||||
| Yugoslavia (Serbia) | Belgrade | 2 | 0 | 0.00% | |||||
| February, 1975 | South Africa | Johannesburg | MARV Cru, MARV Hogan, MARV Ozo | Zimbabwe | 3 | 1 | 33.33% | Nearly uncertain, may be visiting to Chinhoyi caves | [46,61] |
| January, 1980 | Kenya | Nairobi | MARV Mus | Kenya | 2 | 1 | 50.00% | Working near Kitum Cave, Mount Elgon National Park | [47] |
| August, 1987 | Kenya | Nairobi | RAVV Ravn, RAVV R1 | Kenya | 1 | 1 | 100.00% | Visiting Kitum Cave, Mount Elgon National Park | [48] |
| 1988 | Russia | Koltsovo | MARV “U” | Russia | 1 | 1 | 100.00% | Unexpected event in laboratory | [62] |
| 1990 | Russia | Koltsovo | - | Russia | 1 | 1 | 100% | Unexpected event in laboratory | [63] |
| 1991 | Russia | Koltsovo | MARV Popp | Russia | 1 | 0 | 0.00% | Unexpected event in laboratory | [64] |
| 1995 | Russia | - | MARV Popp | - | 1 | 0 | 0.00% | Unexpected event in laboratory | [65] |
| 1998–2000 | Democratic Republic of Congo | Durba, Watsa | Lots of strains | Durba, Democratic Republic of the Congo | 154 | 128 | 83.12% | Infection developed during gold mining in Goroumbwa cave | [66] |
| 2004–2005 | Angola | Uige | MARV Angola | Uíge Province, Angola | 252 | 227 | 90.08% | Uncertain | [7] |
| June, 2007 | Uganda | Kamwenge | MARV-01Uga 2007, RAVV-02Uga 2007 | Kamwenge District, Uganda | 4 | 1 | 25.00% | Infection developed during gold mining in Kitaka Cave | [10] |
| January, 2008 | USA | Colorado, City unreported | - | Uganda | 1 | 0 | 0.00% | Visiting a Python Cave in Maramagambo Forest | [67] |
| July, 2008 | The Netherlands | Leiden | MARV Leiden | Uganda | 1 | 1 | 100.00% | Visiting a Python Cave in Maramagambo Forest | [11] |
| October, 2012 | Uganda | Kabale, Ibanda, and Kamwenge | - | - | 15 | 4 | 26.67% | - | [46,47] |
| October, 2014 | Uganda | Kampala | - | - | 1 | 1 | 100.00% | Infection probably spread from Mengo Hospital | [48] |
| October, 2017 | Uganda | Kween | - | - | 4 | 3 | 75.00% | Infections probably spread from a cave in Kaptum grazing ground or a cave on the slope of Mount Elgon | [56] |
| August, 2021-September, 2021 | Guinea | Gueckedou | - | - | 1 | 1 | 100.00% | - | [57,58] |