Table 2:

Clinical characteristics of participants in the cohort

	Overall%	P 1	P2	P 3	P 4	P 5	P 6	P 7	P 8b	P 9	P 10	P 11	P 12
Pregnancy and neonatal
Complications during pregnancy	40	Yes (polyhydramnios)	Yes (bleeding)	No	Yes (gestational diabetes)	Yes (gestational diabetes, bleeding)	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Gestational age (wks)		39	37	40	37	40	39	40	35	NA	39	39	NA
Birthweight, kg (z-score)a		4.1 (+1.4)	3.1 (−0.3)	3.7 (+1.0)	2.6 (−1.5)	3.3 (−0.1)	3.5 (+0.6)	3.7 (+0.7)	2.3 (−0.5)	NA	2.8 (−1.2)	4.2 (+1.6)	NA
Neonatal complications	90	Yes (hypotonia, feeding difficulty, lethargy)	Yes (hypotonia, hyperbilirubinemia)	Yes (hypoglycemia)	Yes (temperature regulation, hyperbilirubinemia)	Yes (feeding difficulty, irritability, respiratory distress, hyperbilirubinemia)	Yes (meconium)	Yes (hypotonia)	Yes (feeding difficulty, respiratory distress, hyperbilirubinemia)	NA	No	Yes (poor suck, feeding difficulty, irritability)	NA
Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric
Autism spectrum disorder	50	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	NA	No	Yes	NA
Intellectual disability/developmental delay	100	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes	NA
Language delay or impairment	60	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes	NA
History of seizures	25	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Current diagnosis of epilepsy	17	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Macrocephaly	10	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	NA	No	Yes	NA
Microcephaly	30	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	NA	No	No	NA
Cerebral palsy	30	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Hypotonia	90	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	No	NA
Movement disorder	40	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
ADHD	10	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Anxiety	10	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	NA	No	No	NA
Systemic
Vision
Hyperopia	40	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	NA	Yes	No	NA
Myopia	10	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	NA	Yes	No	NA
Strabismus	50	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	NA	No	No	NA
Astigmatism	10	No	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Respiratory: asthma	20	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Gastrointestinal
Reflux	50	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	NA	Yes	No	NA
Constipation	30	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	NA	Yes	Yes	NA
Failure to thrive	20	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Genitourinary: vesicoureteral reflux	10	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Musculoskeletal: hip dysplasia	10	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Dermatological: eczema	20	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	NA	No	No	NA
Immunodeficiency	11	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	NA	NA	No	NA

^aFor birthweight, z-scores were calculated using the World Health Organization infant weight for age charts for infants born at 37 weeks’ gestation and older.¹⁸

^bFor Participant 8, the z-score was calculated using the Fenton 2013 growth chart for preterm infants.¹⁹ NA, data not available; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.