Table 3.
Summary of various Laponite-based drug delivery studies
| Therapeutic Agent | Intercalation Mechanism | Charge / pH | Laponite concentration | pH release | Co-polymer | Method of preparation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small molecules | Antibacterial agents | Tetracycline | Predominately cation exchange under acidic pH, adsorption | (+) / pH < 3.3 |
10 mg/ml | 5.2 & 7.2 | NA | Dispersion method |
| Zwitterionic / 3.3<pH <7.7 | ||||||||
| (−1) / 7.7 <pH<9.5 | ||||||||
| (−2) / pH>9.5 | ||||||||
| Ofloxacin | Cationic dye adsorption under acidic pH | (+) / pH<5.9 |
0,10, 20, 30 & 40 mg/ml | 1.2 & 7.4 | Chitosan | Ionic gelation method | ||
| Zwitterionic / 5.9<pH<9.2 | ||||||||
| (−) / pH>9.2 | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Amoxicillin | H-bond & electrostatic interaction | pH 7.4 | 3, 5, & 10 mg/ml | 7.4 | PLGA | Electrospinning | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Ciprofloxacin | Cation exchange under acidic pH | (+) / pH < 6.1 |
1 mg/ml | 7.4 | PCL | Electrospinning | ||
| Zwitterionic / 6.1 <pH <8.7 | ||||||||
| (−) / pH>8.7 | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Vancomycin | Cationic exchange under acidic pH | (+) / acidic pH | 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 & 1 mg/ml | 7.4 | Chitosan | Electrophoretic deposition | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Itraconazole | Cation exchange under acidic pH | (+)/pH<3.7 | 10 mg/ml | 1.2 | NA | Mixed to result in the ion exchange reaction | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Anti-Inflammatory | Theophylline | Electrostatic interaction, H-bond, Van der Waals | 1.2 | 40 mg/ml | 6.8 | Alginate | Agitation, mixing | |
|
| ||||||||
| Dexamethasone | Physisorption, H-bond | NA | 15 mg/ml | 7.4 | Hyaluronate/no polymer | Stirring and solvent evaporation | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Brimonidine | H-bond, Van der Waals | NA | 10mg/ml | 7.4 | NA | Stirring and solvent evaporation | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Anti-Cancer | Doxorubicin | H-bond & electrostatic interaction | (+) / acidic pH | 1, 4, 6.12 mg/ml | 7.4, 6.5 5.5 & 5 | Alginate/ no polymer | Mixing followed by ion crosslinking / DOX loaded on LAP nanodiscs (no polymer) / reaction LAP with PEG-FA. DOX encapsulated in LAP-PEG-FA nanodiscs / Conjugation of LAP with P-gp inhibitor TPGS, then encapsulation of DOX | |
|
| ||||||||
| Methotrexate | Surface adsorption H-bond | (−)/ pH>4.7 | 2,4,6 & 8 mg/ml | 7.4, 6.5 & 5 | oHA-His | Conjugation | ||
|
| ||||||||
| O2 (generated by benzoyl peroxide) | Adsorption | NA | 30% w/v | hypoxia condition (1% O2) | Alginate | Mixing benzoyl peroxide with alginate then with LAP, then solution was 3D printed into grid like structures | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Large molecules | Inflammatory cytokine | GM-CSF, FlT3L, IL-15, IL-2, CCL20 | Pre-adsorption of proteins (non-covalent) | NA | 0.1–0.5 mg/ml | 7.4 | Click-Alginates (Tetrazine - Norborene) | Mixing LAP with protein + alginates, followed by cryopolymerization |
|
| ||||||||
| Growth factors | FGF4 | Pre-adsorption of proteins | NA | LAP/Hep: 3.8/19, 7.6/19 & 15.2/19 mg/ml | NA | Heparin | Separate dissolution of LAP & heparin. Mixing with FGF4 | |
|
| ||||||||
| VEGF | Pre-adsorption of proteins | NA | 0.5 & 1 wt% 3% w/v | 7.4 | Alginate | Mixing VEGF with LAP mix with alginate solution | ||
|
| ||||||||
| BMP-2 | adsorption | 1 & 5 mg/ml 2% w/v | 7.4 | Hyaluronate/ Hyaloronic acid | Mixing BMP-2 with LAP, then mixing it with HA-ADH (Hyaluronate-adipic dihydrazide) / Functionalization of Hyaloronic acid with Bisphosphonate and then addition of LAP | |||