Table 2.

Hydrogel and hydrogel nanocomposites used as prophylactic treatments in the prevention and development of chronic disease.

	Nanocomposite	Material	Contaminant Treated	Key Result	Reference
Heavy metals remediation	Enterosgel	Polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate	Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+	Metal complexation: Cu < Ni < Zn < Pb where sorbent efficiency is as follows “White coal Pb2+ 150.28 m g−1” ≥ “POLYSORB Pb2+ 102.11 mg g−1. ” ≥ “Enterosgel” ≥ “Smekta” ≥ “Filtrum” ≥ “Activated carbon 49.18 mg g−1”	[89]
	Polysorb	Fumed silica
	Activated carbon	Carbon
	White coal	Silicon dioxide main component
	Smekta	Dioctahedralsmectite
	Filtrum	Lignin-dietary fiber
	Citrus pectin	Complex of colloid polysaccharides based on galacturonic acid side chains of ramose, arabinose, xylose, and fructose	Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn	In whey milieu the sorption capacity of enterosorbents to metals varies. The received combinations of enterosorbents were of higher adsorption capacity in relation to the investigated metals as compared with monobiopolymer enterosorbents	[90]
	Calcium alginate	Salts of agonic acid molecules
	Chitosan	Polymer β-(1 → 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose (enterosorbent “chitosan”)
	MCC (microcrystalline cellulose)	Product of hydrolytic cleavage of the polymer of d-glucose
	Microtone	Polysach-Polymer constricted from the residues of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine 1→4 bonds between them(chitin) and β-glucans (β−1,3- and β−1,6)
	Polisorb	Fumed silica
	Spectra	Dioctahedralsmectite
	Poly(AAm-co-AAc)/bentonite	Copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide with bentonite	Pb2+	Sorption capacity is 25% higher than pectin system (max sorption 2250 mg Pb g−1 sorbent)	[91]
	Poly(AAm-co-AAc)/pectin	Copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide with pectin		Inclusion of pectin increases sorption capacity to that of the hydrogel by 20% (max sorption 1650 mg Pb g−1 sorbent)
Bile acids removal	Enterosgel	Polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate	Shiga Toxin II subunit B (Stx-2B), Clostridium difficile Toxin A (TcdA), and Toxin B (TcdB), endotoxin taurocholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and glycochenodeoxycholic acid	Removed 8% taurocholic, taurochenodeoxycholic, 13% glycocholic, and 27% of glycochenodeoxycholic	[88]
	Charcodote	Charcoal		100% removal
	Cationic microfibrillated cellulose	Cellulose grafted with N-(2,3-epoxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC)	Sodium cholate	29.74% removal compared to cholestyramine	[92]
	Unmodified microfibrillated cellulose	Homogenized pulp		10.60% removal compared to cholestyramine
	Pulp fibers	Hardwood dissolved		4.51% removal compared to cholestyramine
	Cholestyramine	Quaternized styrene–divinilbenzene copolymer		100% removal
	Cationic dextran hydrogels	Dimethylethylamine	Sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium cholate, and sodium deoxycholate	Increased length of the alkyl substituents (R) leads to the increased ionic complex formation rate and stability (both the ionization constant K0 and the stability constant K increase) and a reduction of the aggregation of bile acid molecules (cooperativity parameter u decreases)	[96]
		Dimethylbutylamine Dimethyloctylamine Dimethyldodecylamine
	Cholestyramine	Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride
	PAMPMTA-co-PHEA	Poly((3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride-co-poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)	Sodium cholate	The hydrogels synthesized by SARA ATRP exhibited a considerably higher binding capacity than the one of the hydrogels produced by FRP	[97]
	P(AH-co-AHH)	Poly(allylamine hydrochloride with allylhexylamine)	Sodium glycocholate	The maximum adsorption capacity was 859.63 mg g−1, and the adsorption reached equilibrium within only 2 h	[100]
	Chitosan–silica composite	Chitosan and fumed silica	Cholic and taurocholic acid	The maximum values of adsorption were found to be up to 97 μmol g−1 for taurocholic acid and 43 μmol g−1 for cholic acid	[100]
Gastric disorders therapy	Enterosgel	Polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate	–	Primary outcome of duration of diarrhea to first nonwatery stool showed a statistically significant decrease (p= 0.03) in the Enterosgel group, which corresponds to a 64% chance of the Enterosgel subject’s diarrhoea resolving first compared with standard therapy alone.	[102]
				Children with diarrhea syndrome stayed in hospital significantly less time	[98]
				Patients in main group achieved a statistically significant reduction in the severity of abdominal pain, diarrhea syndrome, dyspepsia scales, and on the total gastrointestinal symptom rating scale	[104]