Simultaneous targeting of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and TGF-β can be done with maturing evidence of clinical activity.

Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and TGF-β can be accomplished without prohibitive safety concerns.

Biomarker-driven approaches under development may help ascertain which patient population will derive maximal benefit from dual PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and TGF-β blockade.