Table 3.
Individual or familial environmental factors according to offspring by proband mood disorder status
| Proband diagnostic status | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPD onset < 21 yrs | BPD onset > 21 yrs | MDD onset < 21 yrs | MDD onset > 21 yrs | Comparison | |||||
| %/m (SD) | ORa or βa (95% CI) | %/m (SD) | ORa or βa (95% CI) | %/m (SD) | ORa or βa (95% CI) | %/m (SD) | ORa or βa (95% CI) | %/m (SD) | |
| Childhood adversity | |||||||||
| Traumatic events (N = 388) | 21.2 | OR = 2.0 (0.7, 5.4) | 28.4 | OR = 2.5* (1.1, 5.5) | 30.0 | OR = 3.2* (1.1, 9.4) | 24.4 | OR = 2.6* (1.0, 6.8) | 10.9 |
| Family environment | |||||||||
| Parental separation (N = 388) | 69.2 | OR = 3.1** (1.4, 6.9) | 76.8 | OR = 5.2*** (2.6, 10.3) | 75.0 | OR = 3.5* (1.3, 9.1) | 67.1 | OR = 3.5** (1.7, 7.4) | 40.3 |
| Family cohesion (N = 224) | 31.4 (8.7) | β = − 5.3** (− 8.9, − 1.7) | 35.2 (7.4) | β = − 0.8 (− 3.3, 1.8) | 34.3 (7.1) | β = − 0.0 (− 4.1, 4.1) | 32.8 (7.8) | β = − 3.1° (− 6.3, 0.2) | 36.3 (7.6) |
| Parental attitudes | |||||||||
| Proband (N = 221) | |||||||||
| Care | 25.7 (7.5) | β = − 5.0*** (− 7.7, − 2.4) | 28.8 (6.2) | β = − 1.3 (− 3.3,0.7) | 29.4 (4.3) | β = − 0.9 (− 4.1,2.2) | 28.4 (6.4) | β = − 1.6 (− 4.1,0.9) | 29.8 (5.2) |
| Denial of autonomy | 6.1 (4.5) | β = 1.0 (− 0.9, 2.8) | 3.9 (3.2) | β = − 1.4* (− 2.7, − 0.1) | 5.8 (3.2) | β = 0.0 (− 2.1, 2.1) | 5.7 (4.4) | β = − 0.3 (− 2.0, 1.4) | 5.4 (3.9) |
| Encouragement of freedom | 12.2 (4.0) | β = − 0.4 (− 2.0, 1.3) | 12.9 (3.2) | β = 0.6 (− 0.6, 1.8) | 13.3 (3.2) | β = 0.7 (− 1.2, 2.6) | 12.6 (3.9) | β = 0.3 (− 1.2, 1.8) | 12.1 (3.6) |
| Spouse (N = 223) | |||||||||
| Care | 26.3 (8.4) | β = − 4.1** (− 7.2, − 1.0) | 26.9 (6.6) | β = − 2.7* (− 5.0, − 0.4) | 29.5 (5.7) | β = − 0.6 (− 4.2, 3.0) | 28.6 (6.3) | β = − 0.8 (− 3.7, 2.1) | 29.3 (6.6) |
| Denial of autonomy | 5.1 (3.5) | β = − 0.4 (− 2.2, 1.4) | 3.9 (3.4) | β = − 1.6* (− 3.0, − 0.3) | 6.4 (4.5) | β = 1.3 (− 0.8, 3.4) | 5.0 (4.1) | β = − 0.3 (− 2.0, 1.4) | 6.0 (4.1) |
| Encouragement of freedom | 12.5 (4.2) | β = − 0.2 (− 1.7, 1.4) | 12.3 (3.4) | β = − 0.4 (− 1.5, 0.8) | 12.0 (4.0) | β = − 1.0 (− 2.8, 0.8) | 13.7 (3.0) | β = 1.2 (− 0.2, 2.7) | 12.2 (3.1) |
Statistically significant values are in bold
BPD bipolar disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, yrs years, m mean score, SD standard deviation, OR odd ratio, β beta estimate, 95% CI 95% confidence intervals
aModels adjusted for sex, age and number of assessments in offspring, sex and age in proband, socio-economic status of the family, proband non-mood disorders and spouse mood and non-mood disorders (one single model for each outcome variable, imputed for missing spouse disorders)
***p < 0.001
**p < 0.01
*p < 0.05
°p < 0.1