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. 2022 Apr 6;14:94. doi: 10.1007/s40820-022-00844-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 11 — Scanning electron micrographs showing various, selected nanostructured silicon anodes. a core–shell silicon-carbon nanoparticles [147].

Copyright 2012, Elsevier. b Spongy nanographene encapsulating silicon nanoparticles [149]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. c Aligned silicon nanowires [152]. Copyright 2008, AIP Publishing. d Silicon thin film deposited on nickel foam [153]. Copyright 2012, Elsevier. e 3D porous anode formed from hollow silicon nanospheres permission [154]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. Scanning electron micrographs showing various dendrite morphologies. f Melt-grown crystal dendrites [155]. Creative Commons License (CC BY). g Electrochemically grown lithium dendrites [156]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. h Electrochemically grown aluminium dendrites [157]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. i Electrochemically grown zinc dendrites [158]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons