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. 2022 Apr 6;14:94. doi: 10.1007/s40820-022-00844-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 15 — a Illustration of the position of the ESW of water relative to common anodes and cathodes for lithium and sodium ions [222]. Creative Commons License (CC BY-NC 4.0). b Illustration of some solvated ion-water interactions, and the shift from water to anion reduction in response to an increase in salt concentration [220].

Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons. c High voltage and d Coulombic efficiency achieved by a combined WiSE and artificial SEI approach, showing expansion of the ESW to above 4 V for LIBs [223]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier