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. 2022 Apr 6;14:94. doi: 10.1007/s40820-022-00844-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Schematics of the common LIB cathodes, a layered LiCoO₂, b spinel LiMn₂O₄ and c olivine LiFePO₄, with green atoms representing lithium [34]. Creative Commons License (CC BY 3.0). d Relative positions of the energy bands of different elements in LIB, showing the higher stability of Mn and Ni with oxygen compared to Co. e Illustration of the inductive effect of polyanions in increasing the cell voltage relative to lithium metal [16]. Creative Commons License (CC BY 4.0)