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. 2022 Apr 6;13:1865. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29523-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a PDA-based reconstruction of this study. b Goosse2012. c Steiger2018. d Multi-model mean. The dark red solid line represents the AA index derived from PDA-based reconstructions or the mean of CMIP5 multi-model simulations, and the dark blue dotted line is the long-term trend. The AA index values were computed based on annual temperature anomalies without smoothing with respect to the mean for 1961–1990. The long-term trends were computed via Mann-Kendall trend detection (see Methods) for each AA index time series.