Table 2.

Summary effect of pre-post and pre-follow up comparisons of pooled cognitive and physical differences of effect sizes, respectively.

	Comparison	Level 2 variance (%)	Level 3 variance (%)	QE	# Studies	# ES	Mean difference in ES [95% CI]
Cognitive functions	Pre-post	0.005 (4.9)	0.041 (36.991)***	791.173***	49	507	0.22 [0.152, 0.289]***
	Pre-follow up	0.000 (5.326e-09)	0.026 (35.619)**	71.335	10	73	0.205 [0.073, 0.338]**
Physical functions	Pre-post	0.000 (7.649e-08)	0.045 (54.278)***	424.825***	30	190	0.285 [0.192, 0.378]***
	Pre-follow up	0.003 (7.842)	0.000 (1.021e-07)	21.622*	4	13	0.417 [0.297, 0.538]***

^#Studies, Number of studies; #ES, Number of effect sizes; ES, Hedges' g; CI, Confidence interval; Level 2 variance, Variance in effect sizes within studies; Level 3 variance, Variance in effect sizes between studies; %, Proportion of the total variance of effect sizes attributed to this level; QE, test for heterogeneity in all effect sizes in the data set.

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001.