Table 1. Effect of ADT on cognitive impairment and AD development.
| Study | Patients | Age (y)a | Study | Observational time | Clinical outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hong et al, 2020 [50] | 24,464 men with PC | ADT 74.1 Non-ADT 71.0 |
Cohort study | 4.98 years | ADT was significant associated with overall risk of cognitive decline. |
| Huang et al, 2020 [51] | 23,651 men with PC | 73 | Cohort study | - | ADT was associated with an increased risk of dementia or AD. GnRH agonist and orchiectomy had no significant difference compared with patients who did not receive ADT. |
| Jayadevappa et al, 2019 [52] | 154,089 men with PC | 76 | Retrospective studies | 8.3 years | ADT exposure was associated with subsequent diagnosis of AD or dementia. |
| Krasnova et al, 2020 [53] | 100,414 men with PC | 73 | Observational | 6 months | ADT was associated with a higher risk of all-cause dementia, AD. |
| Jarzemski et al, 2019 [54] | 100 PC prostatectomy | 50–77 | Observational | - | Complex therapies induced a significantly worse result of deferred memory and psychological burden. |
| Robinson et al, 2019 [55] | 25,967 men with PC, 121,018 controls | 76.5 | Population-based cohort study | 4 years | No increased risk of Alzheimer’s dementia for men on ADT. |
| Tae et al, 2019 [56] | 35,401 National Insurance Service | 70 | Follow-up | 7 years | ADT correlated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction. |
| Nguyen et al, 2018 [57] | 201,797 men with PC (94,528 patients received ADT) | 66 | Follow-up | 19 years | ADT was associated with higher risks of bone fractures, diabetes, dementia, CHD. |
| Marzouk et al, 2018 [58] | 81 PC | 69 | Cohort studies | 1 year | ADT was not associated with self-reported cognitive function decline in non-metastatic PC. |
| Deka et al, 2018 [59] | 45,218 | Not reported | Observational cohort study | 6.8 years | No statistically significant increase in the risk of any dementia or AD. |
| Baik et al, 2017 [60] | 109,815 men with PC | 67 | Survival analysis | - | Risks of AD and dementia were not associated with the duration of ADT. |
| Alibhai et al, 2017 [61] | 77 PC with ADT | 68.9 | Case-control studies | 3 years | ADT was not associated with cognitive decline. |
| 82 PC without ADT | |||||
| 82 controls | |||||
| Kao et al, 2017 [62] | 755 PC | 74.2 | Follow-up | 5 years | No difference in the incidence of dementia in patients who receive ADT. |
| Gunlusoy et al, 2017 [63] | 78 metastatic PC | 67.1 | Prospective studies | 1 year | ADT affects cognitive functions such as language ability, short-term memory capacity, mental flexibility. |
| 78 controls | 68.6 | ||||
| Nead et al, 2017 [64] | 9,455 men with PC | 69.9 | Observational cohort study | 3.4 years | ADT was associated with an increased risk of dementia. |
| Khosrow-Khavar et al, 2017 [65] | 30,903 men with PC | 70.7 | Follow up | 4.3 years | ADT was not associated with an increased risk of dementia. |
| Wu et al, 2016 [66] | 19 ADT | 67.5 | Retrospective studies | - | ADT patients are more vulnerable to experiencing specific cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms. |
| 20 controls | 70.0 | ||||
| Chung et al, 2016 [67] | 1,335 PC | 72.2 | Retrospective studies | 5 years | ADT in PC was not associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. |
| 4,005 controls | |||||
| Nead et al, 2016 [68] | 16,888 men with PC | 70.0 | Retrospective studies | 2.7 years | ADT increased the risk of AD in a general population cohort. |
| Gonzalez et al, 2015 [69] | 58 ADT | 67.3 | Comparative study | 5 years | ADT demonstrate impaired cognitive performance within 6 and 12 months. |
| 84 no ADT | 67.7 | ||||
| 88 controls | 69.1 |
ADT: androgen deprivation therapy, AD: Alzheimer’s disease, PC: prostate cancer, CHD: coronary heart disease.
aValues are presented as mean only.