Table 2.
Association of NWO with mean of CMRFs in included studies.
| Author, year | Outcome | NWNO | NWO | Effect size | Adjustment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | SMD | 95% CI | |||
| Bellissimo, 2019 (15) | Plasma glucose | 95.7 | 24 | 93.1 | 26.2 | 0.1 | -0.39_0.59 | Sex, age and ethnicity |
| Plasma insulin | 2.7 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 3.2 | -0.3 | -0.79_0.19 | ||
| TC | 193.9 | 47 | 201.4 | 52.4 | -0.15 | -0.63_0.34 | ||
| HOMA | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.65 | -0.33 | -0.82_0.16 | ||
| LDL | 105.3 | 41 | 117.8 | 45.85 | -0.28 | -0.77_0.21 | ||
| HDL | 72.7 | 19 | 63.5 | 21.61 | 0.44 | -0.05_0.93 | ||
| TG | 81.1 | 57 | 101.2 | 62.22 | -0.33 | -0.82_0.16 | ||
| SBP | 119.4 | 18 | 118.1 | 20.3 | 0.07 | -0.42_0.55 | ||
| DBP | 74.7 | 12.5 | 75.5 | 13.75 | -0.06 | -0.55_0.43 | ||
| BMI | 23.9 | 4.59 | 24.3 | 4.55 | -0.09 | -0.57_0.40 | ||
| Lean mass* | 50.3 | 7.65 | 44.4 | 16.25 | 0.43 | -0.07_0.92 | ||
| Fat mass* | 16.5 | 9.18 | 21.5 | 9.75 | -0.52 | -1.01_-0.02 | ||
| berg, 2015 (16) (male) | Plasma glucose | 91.8 | 17.83 | 93.6 | 10.82 | -0.11 | -0.31_0.08 | Age |
| TC* | 201.08 | 38.33 | 216.55 | 46.52 | -0.38 | -0.58_-0.18 | ||
| LDL* | 119.69 | 33.28 | 131.27 | 50.07 | -0.3 | -0.5_-0.1 | ||
| HDL* | 61.78 | 0 | 57.92 | 23.24 | 0.32 | 0.12_0.52 | ||
| TG* | 88.57 | 307.09 | 106.28 | 53.29 | -0.07 | -0.26_0.13 | ||
| SBP* | 129 | 19.81 | 134 | 18.04 | -0.26 | -0.45_-0.06 | ||
| DBP* | 80 | 9.9 | 85 | 9.02 | -0.52 | -0.71_-0.32 | ||
| BMI* | 22.8 | 2.47 | 24.1 | 2.7 | -0.51 | -0.71_-0.32 | ||
| Lean mass | 57.5 | 5.94 | 57.4 | 5.41 | 0.02 | -0.18_0.21 | ||
| Fat mass* | 15 | 2.97 | 20.6 | 4.51 | -1.62 | -1.84_-1.4 | ||
| Waist* | 84.4 | 7.92 | 89.8 | 7.51 | -0.69 | -0.89_-0.49 | ||
| Hip* | 96.1 | 5.44 | 98.9 | 5.71 | -0.51 | -0.7_-0.31 | ||
| Berg, 2015 (16) (female) | Plasma glucose | 88.2 | 12.17 | 88.2 | 10.34 | 0 | -0.19_0.19 | |
| TC* | 204.97 | 52.28 | 216.55 | 33.34 | -0.23 | -0.42_-0.04 | ||
| LDL* | 111.97 | 52.21 | 119.69 | 33.29 | -0.16 | -0.34_0.03 | ||
| HDL | 69.5 | 26.1 | 69.5 | 22.19 | 0 | -0.19_0.19 | ||
| TG* | 88.57 | 59.92 | 97.42 | 50.91 | -0.15 | -0.34_0.04 | ||
| SBP | 125 | 13.52 | 125 | 17.24 | 0 | -0.19_0.19 | ||
| DBP | 80 | 13.52 | 80 | 8.62 | 0 | -0.19_0.19 | ||
| BMI* | 22.1 | 2.7 | 24.1 | 2.87 | -0.73 | -0.93_-0.54 | ||
| Lean mass | 42.8 | 4.05 | 42.9 | 4.02 | -0.02 | -0.21_0.16 | ||
| Fat mass* | 17.6 | 4.05 | 23.3 | 4.88 | -1.36 | -1.56_-1.16 | ||
| WC* | 60.6 | 8.11 | 66 | 7.76 | -0.67 | -0.86_-0.48 | ||
| Hip* | 94.8 | 7.44 | 98.9 | 6.61 | -0.56 | -0.75_-0.37 | ||
| A. García, 2020 (20) (male) | Plasma glucose | 83.36 | 14.95 | 81.91 | 17.04 | 0.09 | -0.04_0.22 | Age, BMI and pubertal stage |
| HDL | 49.6 | 12.99 | 45.72 | 11.75 | 0.31 | 0.18_0.44 | ||
| TG* | 76.72 | 30.8 | 85.32 | 38.13 | -0.25 | -0.38_-0.12 | ||
| SBP | 111.44 | 14.98 | 111.46 | 13.34 | 0 | -0.13_0.13 | ||
| WC* | 61.78 | 5.12 | 65.85 | 6.13 | -0.73 | -0.86_-0.59 | ||
| A. García, 2020 (20) (female) | Plasma glucose | 81.96 | 15.16 | 80.47 | 16.86 | 0.09 | -0.03_0.22 | |
| HDL | 49.63 | 12.51 | 47.15 | 12.21 | 0.2 | 0.08_0.32 | ||
| TG* | 87.16 | 36.61 | 97.86 | 62.59 | -0.21 | -0.34_-0.09 | ||
| SBP | 107.81 | 12.31 | 110.58 | 12.36 | -0.22 | -0.35_-0.1 | ||
| WC* | 59.12 | 5.07 | 63.94 | 5.89 | -0.88 | -1.01_-0.75 | ||
| A. García, 2020 (20) | BMI* | 17.86 | 1.85 | 19.67 | 1.91 | -0.96 | -1.06_-0.87 | |
| Fat mass* | 7.24 | 3.09 | 9.89 | 3.56 | -0.8 | -0.89_-0.71 | ||
| Sohee kim, 2015 (26) | Plasma glucose * | 95.7 | 17.5 | 99.1 | 15.9 | -0.2 | -0.32_-0.07 | Age, sex, and smoking status |
| TC* | 192.5 | 34.6 | 199.6 | 35.5 | -0.2 | -0.33_-0.08 | ||
| LDL* | 117.1 | 30.6 | 123.9 | 32.2 | -0.22 | -0.35_-0.1 | ||
| HDL* | 51 | 12.8 | 49.6 | 11.3 | 0.11 | -0.01_0.24 | ||
| TG* | 106.4 | 65.1 | 116.6 | 63.3 | -0.16 | -0.28_-0.03 | ||
| SBP* | 122.5 | 15.5 | 128.6 | 15.7 | -0.39 | -0.52_-0.27 | ||
| DBP* | 76.6 | 10.1 | 79.6 | 9.3 | -0.3 | -0.43_-0.17 | ||
| BMI* | 22.53 | 4.3 | 23.9 | 0.8 | -0.34 | -0.47_-0.22 | ||
| Tayefi, 2019 (28) | Plasma glucose | 86.38 | 35.66 | 91.3 | 40.4 | -0.13 | -0.21_-0.05 | Age and sex |
| TC | 181.93 | 38.16 | 189.61 | 39.14 | -0.2 | -0.28_-0.12 | ||
| LDL | 113.19 | 33.54 | 117.67 | 35.06 | -0.13 | -0.21_-0.05 | ||
| HDL* | 42.09 | 9.8 | 45.74 | 9.43 | -0.38 | -0.46_-0.3 | ||
| TG* | 105 | 738.93 | 126 | 753.96 | -0.03 | -0.11_0.05 | ||
| SBP* | 116.26 | 16.39 | 118.1 | 19.9 | -0.1 | -0.18_-0.02 | ||
| DBP* | 76.35 | 11.84 | 75.75 | 11.85 | 0.05 | -0.03_0.13 | ||
| BMI* | 22.62 | 3.38 | 23.39 | 4.18 | -0.2 | -0.28_-0.12 | ||
| WC* | 84.52 | 9.89 | 86.01 | 11.53 | -0.14 | -0.22_-0.06 | ||
| Hip* | 94.22 | 6.91 | 96.88 | 8.86 | -0.34 | -0.42_-0.26 | ||
| A. Romero, 2010 (6) (male) | Plasma glucose | 95.6 | 15.92 | 96.8 | 22.32 | -0.06 | -0.15_0.03 | Age and race |
| HOMA* | 0.84 | 0.31 | 1 | 0.63 | -0.32 | -0.41_-0.23 | ||
| LDL* | 121.8 | 49.03 | 132.64 | 49.11 | -0.22 | -0.31_-0.13 | ||
| HDL* | 49.11 | 12.1 | 47.56 | 12.11 | 0.13 | 0.04_0.22 | ||
| TG* | 116.03 | 84.38 | 113.75 | 84.51 | 0.03 | -0.06_0.11 | ||
| SBP | 122 | 15.92 | 125 | 15.94 | -0.19 | -0.28_-0.1 | ||
| DBP | 74 | 12.73 | 76 | 9.57 | -0.18 | -0.26_-0.09 | ||
| BMI* | 22.7 | 1.27 | 23.5 | 1.27 | -0.63 | -0.72_-0.54 | ||
| WC* | 84.8 | 6.05 | 88.9 | 6.37 | -0.66 | -0.75_-0.57 | ||
| Lean mass* | 55.4 | 5.73 | 53 | 5.74 | 0.42 | 0.33_0.51 | ||
| Fat mass* | 14.6 | 1.59 | 18.5 | 2.55 | -1.83 | -1.94_-1.73 | ||
| Hip* | 93.2 | 4.13 | 94.6 | 4.14 | -0.34 | -0.43_-0.25 | ||
| A. Romero, W2010 (6) (female) | Plasma glucose | 92 | 22.57 | 91.1 | 22.62 | 0.04 | -0.05_0.13 | |
| HOMA* | 0.87 | 0.32 | 0.98 | 0.64 | -0.22 | -0.3_-0.13 | ||
| LDL* | 116.4 | 49.66 | 124.13 | 62.39 | -0.14 | -0.22_-0.05 | ||
| HDL | 58 | 12.25 | 57.62 | 12.28 | 0.03 | -0.05_0.12 | ||
| TG* | 100.97 | 85.46 | 136.4 | 228.87 | -0.2 | -0.29_-0.12 | ||
| SBP | 117 | 19.34 | 119 | 20.04 | -0.1 | -0.19_-0.02 | ||
| DBP | 71 | 9.67 | 72.1 | 10.34 | -0.11 | -0.2_-0.02 | ||
| BMI* | 22.1 | 1.29 | 23.5 | 0.97 | -1.23 | -1.32_-1.13 | ||
| WC* | 78.3 | 6.45 | 83.3 | 6.46 | -0.77 | -0.86_-0.69 | ||
| Lean mass* | 40.21 | 4.19 | 39.9 | 3.55 | 0.08 | -0.01_0.17 | ||
| Fat mass* | 18.1 | 1.93 | 22.1 | 2.26 | -1.9 | -2.01_-1.8 | ||
| Hip* | 94.4 | 4.51 | 97.7 | 4.85 | -0.7 | -0.79_-0.62 | ||
| K. E. Martinez, 2017 (31) | HOMA* | 1.1 | 2.01 | 1.6 | 1.52 | -0.26 | -0.38_-0.13 | Age, sex, race, and year of assessment. moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity, and smoking |
| P. Marques-Vidal, 2010 (32) | Plasma insulin | 8.56 | 13.88 | 8.17 | 6.97 | 0.03 | -0.13_0.19 | Age |
| HOMA | 3.32 | 5.71 | 3.18 | 2.89 | 0.03 | -0.13_0.18 | ||
| BMI* | 21.8 | 4.08 | 23 | 2.63 | -0.3 | -0.46_-0.15 | ||
| WC* | 75.9 | 8.16 | 79.9 | 7.89 | -0.49 | -0.65_-0.33 | ||
| Hip* | 94.4 | 8.16 | 96.1 | 6.57 | -0.21 | -0.37_-0.06 | ||
CMRFs, cardio-metabolic risk factors; NWNO, normal weight non obese; NWO, Normal weight obesity; M, male; F, female; TC, total cholesterol; HOMA, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; TG, triglyceride; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SMD, Standardized Mean Difference; SD, Standard Deviation; CI, Confidence Interval. Plasma glucose, TC, LDL, HDL, TG values are reported in the mg/dL unit. SBP and DBP in mmHg, BMI In kilograms by height (in meters) squared, lean and fat masses in kilograms, Hip and WC in centimeters.
*Statistically significant (p-value < 0.05).
The SMDs were calculated based on Hedges’ g formula.