Table 5.
Stratified meta-analysis of association between NWO with mean of CMRFs according to sex.
| Variables | No study | Sample size | SMD (95% CI) | Heterogeneity assessment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-squared % | Model | P-value | ||||
| Plasma glucose | ||||||
| Overall | 9 | 12,312 | 0.03 (-0.04, 0.10) | 66.30 | Random | 0.003 |
| Both sexes | 3 | 4,806 | 0.14 (0.07, 0.21)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.410 |
| Male | 3 | 3,510 | 0.02 (-0.04, 0.09) | 54.90 | Fixed | 0.109 |
| Female | 3 | 3,996 | -0.05 (-0.11, 0.01) | 0.00 | Random | 0.672 |
| Total cholesterol | ||||||
| Overall | 5 | 6,277 | 0.22 (0.16, 0.28)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.559 |
| Both sexes | 3 | 3,132 | 0.20 (0.13, 0.26)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.976 |
| HOMA | ||||||
| Overall | 5 | 10,306 | 0.21 (0.09, 0.32)* | 73.10 | Random | 0.005 |
| Both sexes | 2 | 3,889 | 0.26 (0.14, 0.38)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.765 |
| Female | 2 | 4,390 | 0.10 (-0.13, 0.34) | 85.9 | Random | 0.008 |
| LDL | ||||||
| Overall | 7 | 10,393 | 0.17 (0.13, 0.21)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.503 |
| Both | 3 | 4,806 | 0.15 (0.09, 0.22)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.437 |
| Male | 2 | 2,608 | 0.23 (0.15, 0.34)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.465 |
| Female | 2 | 2,979 | 0.14 (0.06, 0.21)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.865 |
| HDL | ||||||
| Overall | 8 | 12,312 | -0.08 (-0.26, 0.10) | 94.70 | Random | <0.001 |
| Both sexes | 3 | 4,806 | -0.01 (-0.44, 0.41) | 95.90 | Random | <0.001 |
| Male | 2 | 3,510 | -0.21 (-0.39, -0.03) | 80.70 | Random | 0.023 |
| Female | 3 | 3,996 | -0.08 (-0.20, 0.04) | 94.70 | Random | <0.001 |
| TG | ||||||
| Overall | 9 | 12,312 | 0.13 (0.05, 0.20)* | 70.30 | Random | 0.001 |
| Both sexes | 3 | 4,806 | 0.09 (-0.02, 0.21) | 50.30 | Fixed | 0.133 |
| Male | 3 | 3,510 | 0.05 (-0.09, 0.12) | 83.20 | Random | 0.003 |
| Female | 3 | 3,996 | 0.20 (0.13, 0.26)* | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.858 |
| SBP | ||||||
| Overall | 6 | 12,312 | 0.15 (0.07, 0.23)* | 71.80 | Random | <0.001 |
| Both sexes | 3 | 4,806 | 0.19 (-0.06, 0.44) | 87.20 | Random | <0.001 |
| Male | 3 | 3,510 | 0.14 (0.01, 0.28)* | 70.80 | Random | 0.033 |
| Female | 3 | 3,996 | 0.12 (0.05, 0.19)* | 55.20 | Fixed | 0.107 |
| DBP | ||||||
| Overall | 5 | 10,393 | 0.16 (0.03, 0.29)* | 86.50 | Random | <0.001 |
| Both sexes | 3 | 4,806 | 0.10 (-0.18, 0.40) | 90.60 | Random | <0.001 |
| Male | 2 | 2,608 | 0.33 (0.004, 0.66)* | 89.50 | Random | 0.002 |
| Female | 2 | 2,979 | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17)* | 7.10 | Fixed | 0.300 |
| Lean mass | ||||||
| Overall | 5 | 5,876 | -0.16 (-0.37, 0.04) | 90.20 | Random | <0.001 |
| Male | 2 | 2,608 | -0.22 (-0.62, 0.16) | 92.60 | Random | <0.001 |
| Female | 2 | 2,979 | -0.06 (-0.14, 0.01) | 0.00 | Fixed | 0.323 |
| Fat mass | ||||||
| Overall | 6 | 7,795 | 1.36 (0.89, 1.82)* | 98.50 | Random | <0.001 |
| Both sexes | 2 | 2,208 | 0.79 (0.69, 0.88)* | 12.00 | Fixed | 0.284 |
| Male | 2 | 2,608 | 1.75 (1.54, 1.95)* | 66.30 | Random | 0.085 |
| Female | 2 | 2,979 | 1.63 (1.10, 2.17)* | 95.50 | Random | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference | ||||||
| Overall | 8 | 12,246 | 0.62 (0.42, 0.83)* | 95.80 | Random | <0.001 |
| Male | 3 | N.R | 0.68 (0.61, 0.75) | 0.716 | Fixed | 0.716 |
| Female | 4 | N.R | 0.71 (0.56, 86.50) | 80.30 | Random | 0.002 |
| Hip circumference | ||||||
| Overall | 5 | 12,246 | 0.44 (0.28, 0.60)* | 91.00 | Random | <0.001 |
| Male | 2 | 3,510 | 0.36 (0.24, 0.55) | 57.80 | Fixed | 0.124 |
| Female | 2 | 6,297 | 0.49 (0.18, 0.80) | 93.10 | Random | <0.001 |
*Statistically significant (P-value < 0.05).
HOMA, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; TG, triglyceride; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; No, number; CI, confidence interval; CMRFs, cardio-metabolic risk factors; NWO, Normal weight obesity; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; TG, triglyceride; HTN, hypertension; No, number; CI, confidence interval; CMRFs, cardio-metabolic risk factors; NWO, Normal weight obesity; SMD, Standardized Mean Difference; N.R, Not Reported.