TABLE 1.

Flavonols derived from fruits are potential agents against Atherosclerosis.

Monomers	Source	Models	Mechanisms or effects	Chemical structure	References
Quercetin	Blueberry	Cholesterol induced Caco-2 cells and human embryonic kidney 293T cells Male Wistar rats fed with high cholesterol	↓ NPC1L1, total serum cholesterol		132
		ApoE–/– mice with high-fat diet	↑ IL-10, PPARγ, LXRα, ABCA1 ↓ TC, LDL-C, oxLDL, TNF-α, IL-6, PCSK9, CD36		133
		ox-LDL-Induced RAW264.7 Cells	↑ LC3-II/I, Beclin 1 ↓ MST1, Bcl-2, P21, P16		134
		High glucose induced human THP-1 monocytic cells	↑ Bcl-2 ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, CML, ROS, PKC, p47phox, p38, MAPK, PERK1/2, MAPK, NF-κB, RAGE		115
		ApoE–/– mice fed with high-fat diet	↑ Sirt1 ↓ Slcam-1, IL-6, VCAM-1		135
Kaempferol	Filbert, grapes, strawberries, tomatoes, citrus fruits, apples, grapefruit	Copper-induced diluted plasma	↓ TBARS, MDA		136
		High-cholesterol-induced rabbits	↑ SOD ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA, E-sel, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1,		137
		ox-LDL-induced HUVECs	↑ LC3-II/I, Beclin 1 ↓ p-Akt, p-mTOR		138
		HFD-OVX-induced APOE–/– mice	↑ GPER, PI3K, Akt, Nrf2, SOD, GSH ↓ TCH-O, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM, VCAM		139
		Ox-LDL-induced HAECs	↑ GPER ↓ ROS
Myricetin	Guava	ox-LDL-induced macrophages	↓ CD36-mediated ox-LDL uptake		140
		HASMCs and A7R5 cells	↓ CDK4, cyclin D3, MMP2, MMP9, TGFBR1, Smad2, Smad3		141
		ox-LDL-induced HUVECs	↑ miR-29a-3p ↓ GAS5, p-p65, p-IkBa, TLR4		142
Isorhamnetin	Sea buckthorn	Urotensin-II-induced primary VSMCs	↑ IL-10, MIF ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, RhoA, ROCK II, ROCK I		143
		Ox-LDL-induced THP-1-derived macrophages	↑ MTP, AKT, HO-1 ↓ ROS, caspase 3, caspase 9, MPO, GSH-px, NOX		144
Galangin	Plantain	TNFα-induced HAECs	↓ E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1		145
Morin	Mulberry	ox-LDL-induced HUVECs	↑ p-AMPK ↓ ROS, MDA, SOD, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, p-mTOR		146
		PDGF-induced VSMCs	↑ p27KIP1 ↓ CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, cyclin E, AKT, MMP, NF-κB, AP-1, Sp-1		147
Fisetin	Apple, persimmon, grape, strawberry	ApoE–/– mice with high-fat diet	↑ SOD ↓ PCSK9, LOX-1, p53, p21, p16, ALT, AST, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, ox-LDL, MDA		148
		LPS-induced macrophages	↓ MCP-1, IL-1β, iNOS, NO, p-ERK, p-JNK, uPA, uPAR, MMP2, MMP9		149