Fig. 5.

Various engineering techniques for maturation of specific stem cell-induced organoids. (a) Microwell plate maturation method using microwell arrays with U shape using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel for generating the intestinal organoids. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [212]. (b) Microfluidic-based maturation method using perfusion-based pump-free microfluidic culture devices for generating cerebral organoids. Microfluidic devices reproducibly improved the organization of progenitor zones and cortical layers in brain organoids. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [215]. (c) Bioreactor and spinner platform-based maturation method using miniaturized multiwell spinning bioreactor systems of 12 well size for generating cerebral organoids including the forebrain, midbrain, and Hypothalamic organoids. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [221]. (d) Hydrogel matrix-based maturation method using synthetic hydrogel networks and mechanically dynamic PEG polymer matrix for generating intestinal organoids. Organoids formed in PEG hydrogels contain differentiated intestinal cells. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [226].