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. 2022 Apr 4;19:50–74. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.039

Table 5.

Stem cell-derived organoid-based therapies for regeneration of tissues and restoration of organ function.

Target organ Stem cell type (co-culture cell) Formation method Seeding density In vivo model (Functional evaluation) Ref.
Bone Human periosteum-derived stem cells Agarose microwell 5 × 105 cells Segmental bone defect (Bone regeneration: 83.3%/8 weeks) [236]
Blood-vessel Mouse MSCs (HUVEC) Alginate microwell 0.5 × 106 cells Ischemic hindlimb mouse model (Rapid restoration of vascular perfusion and muscle fiber regeneration) [134]
Hair bearing skin PSC Defined protocol 3500 cells 2–5-mm hairs growing out, rete-ridge-like structures, vasculature, and sebaceous glands and bulge [60]
IntestineIntestine ESC and iPSC Synthetic polymer hydrogel matrix Improved engraftment and colonic wound healing [228]
Intestinal stem cell Matrigel, non-adherent plates plate Epithelial regeneration with crypt and villus structures; differentiation into various intestinal epithelial cells [237]
Liver iPSC Microwell 900 cells Efficient delivery and attachment of organoid into liver [238]
Brain ESC Ultra-low attachment 96-well plate 1.35 × 104 cells Enhanced neurogenesis, synaptic reconstruction, axonal regeneration, and angiogenesis, and decreased neural apoptosis [239]