Table 1.

Phylogeny of CRP function.

Taxon	Species	Antigen/target/systemic host defense response		What is CRP doing?	Ref.
Arthropods	Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)	Chemicals	Mercury (Hg)	Scavenger	$($ 5 $)$
Molluscs	Giant African land snail (Achatina fulica)		Lead (Pb)	Reversion of the toxic effects	$\text{(}$ 6 $\text{)}$
Teleosts	Rohu carp (Labeo rohita)		Cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), phenol, hexachlorocyclohexane	Elevated serum levels	$\text{(}$7, 8$\text{)}$
	Major South Asian carp (Catla catla)		Cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), phenol, hexachlorocyclohexane	Elevated serum levels of glyco- sylated molecular variants	$\text{(}$9, 10$\text{)}$
	Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)		Turpentine oil	Acute phase pattern	$\text{(}$ 11 $\text{)}$
	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)		Turpentine oil	Significant decreases in the expression	$\text{(}$ 12 $\text{)}$
			Formalin, metriphonate or potassium permanganate	Up and down of serum levels	$\text{(}$ 13 $\text{)}$
	Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)	Acute phase response	Adrenal hormons	Elevated serum levels	$\text{(}$ 2 $\text{)}$
	Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)		Temperature shock	Elevated serum levels	$\text{(}$ 14 $\text{)}$
	Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)	Bacteria and viruses, fungi, protists and metazoan parasites	Gram-negative pathogens (Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio/Listonella anguillarum, Escherichia coli) Gram-positive pathogens (Streptococcus iniae)	Increasing respiratory burst and phagocytic capacity of peripheral blood leukocytes	$\text{(}$ 15 $\text{)}$
	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)		Aeromonas spec. Escherichia coli	Elevated serum levels	$\text{(}$16, 17$\text{)}$
	Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)		Polysaccharides or live Streptococcus iniae	Significant upregulation in spleen and head kidney tissues	$\text{(}$ 18 $\text{)}$
	Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)		Vibrio anguillarum (intraperitoneal challenge)	Significant increase of the opsonising effect of CRP on macrophage phagocytosis	$\text{(}$ 19 $\text{)}$
	Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)		Vibrio anguillarum	Significant upregulation, inhibition of complement 3 deposition on the bacteria further inhibiting comple- ment-mediated opsonophagocyto- sis by monocytes/macrophages	$\text{(}$ 20 $\text{)}$
	Zebrafish (Danio rerio)		Spring viremia carp virus (SVCV)	Neutralization of viral infectivity	$\text{(}$ 21 $\text{)}$
	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)		Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3)	Significant increase of CRP levels, distinct organ- and time-dependent expression profile patterns	$\text{(}$ 22 $\text{)}$
	Goldfish (Carassius auratus)		Trypanosoma carassii	High expression in the kidney, liver and spleen at various days post infection, enhanced complement-mediated killing of trypanosomes in vitro	$\text{(}$ 23 $\text{)}$
Mammals	Sprague Dawley rats	Chemicals	Raised level indicating acute tissue damage due to inflammation and necrosis caused by cadmium (Cd)		$\text{(}$ 24 $\text{)}$
			sequestration and excretion of mercury (Hg)		$\text{(}$ 25 $\text{)}$
	New Zealand white rabbits	Acute phase response	Typhoid vaccine	Accumulation at tissue sites of inflammation and necrosis	$\text{(}$ 26 $\text{)}$
	Transgenic mice expressing rabbit CRP		Endotoxemia	Confers resistance	$\text{(}$ 27 $\text{)}$
			Antigen-induced arthritis	onfers resistance	$\text{(}$ 28 $\text{)}$
	Beagle dogs		Surgery	Increased and rapidly decreased with convalescence	$\text{(}$ 29 $\text{)}$
	Human		Severe trauma	Production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by CD14(high)CD16(+) monocytes	$\text{(}$ 30 $\text{)}$
	Rat, human	Bacteria and viruses, fungi, protists and metazoan parasites	Plasmodium yoelii	Inhibits in vitro development in hepatocytes	$\text{(}$ 31 $\text{)}$
	Mouse		Staphylococcus aureus	Opsonine, involved in nonspecific resistance	$\text{(}$ 32 $\text{)}$
	CRP transgenic mice		Streptococcus pneumoniae	Increased expression, protection by both phosphorylcholine (PCh)-dependent and PCh-independent mechanisms	$\text{(}$33–38$\text{)}$
	CRP deficient mice		Streptococcus pneumoniae	protection by reconstitution with isolated pure human CRP, no role of the classical complement pathway	$\text{(}$39, 40$\text{)}$
	Rat		Schistosoma mansoni	Platelets treated with CRP were capable of conferring significant protection against schistosomiasis in transfer experiments	$\text{(}$ 41 $\text{)}$
	Human		SARS-CoV-2	Induces an uncontrolled auto- immune response and complement- and macrophage activation	$\text{(}$42, 43$\text{)}$
	Transgenic mouse and rabbit models	Neo-/autoantigens	Modified LDL	No effect, pro-atherogenic, anti-atherogenic	$\text{(}$ 44 $\text{)}$
	Human		Modified LDL	Pro- or anti-atherogenic?	$\text{(}$ 45 $\text{)}$
			Apoptotic cells	Promotes noninflammatory clear- ance of apoptotic cells	$\text{(}$ 46 $\text{)}$

Taxon: systematic animal group; Species: representative example of the taxon; Antigen: abiotic or biotic (differential colored) triggers of innate (or adaptive) immunity; What is CRP doing?: alterations of expression levels and/or assumed function.