1. Summary of interventions of included studies.

Study ID	Intervention (tacrolimus agent, form and route)	Number of randomised participants in intervention group	Control	Number of randomised participants in control group	Length of therapy	Length of follow‐up	Time of outcomes measurement
Aoki 2012	IV tacrolimus 0.05–0.15 mg/kg bodyweight/day	33	IV ciclosporin 2 mg/kg bodyweight/day	80	2 weeks followed by 12 months	NR	12 months
Lawrance 2017	Rectal tacrolimus ointment 0.5 mg/mL administered as 3 mL twice daily	11	Rectal placebo ointment, identical preparation method to the intervention group, without the addition of the tacrolimus powder	10	8 weeks	2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks	8 weeks
Lie 2020	Tacrolimus suppositories 2 mg, once daily, for 28 days	44	Beclometasone suppositories 3 mg, once daily, for 28 days	44	4 weeks	2 weeks and 4 weeks	4 weeks
Ogata 2006	Oral tacrolimus 5–10 ng/mL (low trough concentration)	21	Placebo: pseudo‐dose adjusted	21	2 weeks	0 weeks and 2 weeks followed by an open‐label 10‐week extension	2 weeks
	Oral tacrolimus 10–15 ng/mL (high trough concentration)	23
Ogata 2012	Oral tacrolimus, capsules used contained 0.5 mg or 1 mg to achieve blood trough concentration of 10–15 ng/mL	32	Oral placebo, pseudo‐dose adjusted	30	2 weeks	0 weeks and 2 weeks, followed by an open‐label 10‐week extension	2 weeks

IV: intravenous; NR: not reported.