. 2021 Dec 31;10(4):854–878. doi: 10.1556/2006.2021.00084

Table 1.

Study demographics, measures, and results by date

Authors/Year	Sample/Country	Gender/Race/	CSB & Religiosity/	Results
Authors/Year	Age (Mean/SD)	Sexual Orientation	Spirituality Measure	Results
Abell, Steenbergh, and Boivin (2006)	N = 125; undergraduates	100% men	SCS Adapted, G-SAST, SWBS, & SBI-15R	Small positive correlation between the SCS adapted and the SBI-15R (r = 0.22, P < 0.05) and two small negative correlations between the G-SAST and SWBS (r = −0.21, P < 0.05), as well as the SBI-15R (r = −0.17, P < 0.05).
	US	Unreported
	M = 20.67, SD = 4.51	Unreported
Levert (2007)	N = 120	100% men	SCS & religious affiliation	Christian men (30.6%) were more likely to report feeling that their pornography use is compulsive as compared to non-Christian men (14.7%; χ2 = 15.01, P < 0.001).
	US	77.5% Caucasian
	M = 39.51, SD = unreported	88% heterosexual, 3.3% homosexual, 8.3% bisexual
Coleman et al. (2010)	N = 2,716	100% men	CSBI & single item specific to study regarding religiosity	MSM who reported being very religious had significantly higher CSB scores than MSM that did not consider themselves religious (F (2, 2,693) = 7.01, P < 0.001).
	US	26.8% White
	M = 29, SD = 8.3	100% men who have sex with men (MSM)
Skegg et al. (2010)	N = 940	50.6% men and 49.6% women	CSB & single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Men reporting out of control sexual experiences (OSCE; 11.7%), rated religion as “very important,” which was similar to religiosity ratings from other men that did not report OSCE. Similarly, there was not a significant difference among religious women that did, or did not, report OSCE.
	NZ	Unreported
	M = 32, SD = 0	Unreported
Ross et al. (2012)	N = 1,913	34.3% men and 65.7% women	CSB items specific to study, & religious affiliation	Internet sexual problems were significantly predicted by degree of religiosity as part of a larger logistic regression. An effect size and the direction of the relationship were not reported.
	Sweden	Unreported
	Men (M = 28.91, SD = 12.67); Women (M = 28.12, SD = 9.91)	87% heterosexual men; 80% heterosexual women
Thompson and Morrison (2013)	N = 571; undergraduates	100% men	SCS & single item specific to study regarding religiosity	Participation in a religious group during the last academic year was not significantly correlated with sexual compulsivity.
	US	Unreported
	Unreported	Unreported
Dhuffar and Griffiths (2014)	N = 102	100% women	HBI-19, HBCS, HDQ, Adapted Internet Related Activities, religious affiliation, & religious belief	Religious beliefs (belief vs. no belief) and affiliation had no influence on consequences of sexual behaviors as predictors of shame. There were no significant correlations between religious beliefs and measures of CSB in the study.
	UK	87.3% Caucasian
	Grouped into young adults (47.1% between ages 18–29) and older adults 53.9% ages 30+)	87.3% heterosexual
Giordano and Cecil (2014)	N = 235; undergraduates	58% men and 42% women	HBI-19, religious affiliation, & Brief RCOPE	Purpose/Meaning subscale of the SAS (B = −1.09, β = −0.21, t = −2.60, P = 0.010), and the negative religious coping subscale of BRCOPE (B = 0.53, β = 0.17, t = 2.55, P < 0.05) significantly contributed to the explained variance in hypersexuality.
	US	55.3% White/Caucasian
	M = 20.91, SD = 3.56	94.5% heterosexual
Carvalho, Štulhofer, Vieira, and Jurin (2015)	N = 4,597	43.5% men	HBCS, single items regarding CSB and religiosity specific to study	Among women, a lower religiosity (AOR = 0.81, P < 0.05) decreased the odds of belonging to the sexual desire/activity cluster (M = 0.11, SD = 1.59). The same relationship did not hold for the men in the sample (M = 0.96, SD = 1.61).
	Croatia	Unreported
	M = 31.1, SD = 9.67	66.7% heterosexual
Grubbs, Exline, et al. (2015, Study 1)	N = 331; undergraduates	68.9% men and 31.1% women	CPUI-9, religious affiliation, & aggregate score of RBSM & ARPM	Positive associations between religiosity and perceived problems related to pornography and CPUI = 9 (r = 0.25, P < 0.01 for both).
	US	67% White/Caucasian
	M = 19.5, SD = 1.9	88% heterosexual
Grubbs, Exline, et al. (2015, Study 2)	N = 97; undergraduates	50.5% men and 49.5% women	CPUI-9, religious affiliation, & aggregate score of RBSM & ARPM	Positive association between religiosity and CPUI-9 (r = 0.35, P < 0.01).
	US	54% White/Caucasian
	M = 19.5, SD = 1.3	89% heterosexual
Grubbs, Exline, et al. (2015, Study 3)	N = 208	65.4% men and 34.6% women	CPUI-9, SCS, religious affiliation, & aggregate score of RBSM & ARPM	Positive associations between religiosity and perceived compulsivity related to pornography (r = 0.38, P < 0.01) and between religiosity and CPUI-9 (r = 0.48, P < 0.01)
	US	79% White/Caucasian
	M = 31.8, SD = 10.6	79% heterosexual
Hook et al. (2015, Study 2)	N = 191; undergraduates	34.4% men and 65.6% women	HBI-19, religious affiliation, & Spiritual Struggle Scale	HBI-19 correlates with the spiritual struggles scale (r = 0.37, P < 0.01). Sexual congruence was negatively to the SSS (r = −0.32, P < 0.01), and the SSS was also negatively related to self-forgiveness (r = −0.19, P < 0.05).
	US	41.1% Black
	M = 24.4, SD = 5.3	Unreported
Bradley, Grubbs, Uzdavines, Exline, and Pargament (2016)	N = 713	51.9% men, 47.4% women, 0.7% other/prefer not to say	CPUI-9, religious affiliation, & single item specific to study regarding religiosity	CPUI-9 full scale and certainty of belief (r = 0.24, P < 0.01), CPUI-9 Emotional Distress and certainty of belief (r = 0.29, P < 0.01), and CPUI-9 Perceived Compulsion and certainty of belief (r = 0.14, P < 0.01). Belief in God is predictive of perceived addiction to Internet pornography.
	US	78% White/Caucasian
	M = 30.2, SD = 9.9	Unreported
Gola, Lewczuk, and Skorko (2016)	N = 569	100% men	SAST-R (Polish adaptation) & religiosity items specific to study	Found positive associations (N = 476; r = 0.40, P < 0.001) between religiousness and perceived problems associated with pornography use.
	Poland	100% White/Caucasian
	M = 28.71, SD = 6.36	100% heterosexual
Griffin et al. (2016)	N = 295; undergraduates	77.9% women; remaining data not reported	HBI-19 & RSS	Main effects of hypersexual behavior on demonic (β = 0.68, P = 0.043), ultimate meaning (β = 0.66, P = 0.002), moral (β = 0.71, P = 0.002), doubt (β = 0.88, P < 0.001), and interpersonal struggle (β = 0.80, P = 0.002), but not divine struggle (β = 0.26, P = 0.222). For moral, doubt, and interpersonal struggles, the associations between hypersexual behavior and spiritual struggle appeared strongest for those who perceived their sexual values and behavior as incongruent.
	US	51% White/Caucasian
	M = 20.25, SD = 3.95	84.7% heterosexual
Reid et al. (2016)	N = 157	100% men	HBI-19, HBCS, clinical interview, & RCI	No significant relationship between scores on the RCI and the HBI-19 or HBCS3 in a sample of religious assessed for hypersexual disorder as part of the DSM-5 Field Trial.
	US	HHR: 94% White/Caucasian
	HHR (M = 39.5, SD = 13.5; HNR (M = 44.3, SD = 10.5)	94% heterosexual
		HNR: 86% White/Caucasian
		81% heterosexual
Štulhofer et al. (2016)	N = 1998	100% men	HBCS, HDSI, TSO, Faith in God measure, & single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Hypersexual and high sexual desire groups were found to be distinct and the hypersexuality group had higher odds of being religious (AOR = 1.32, P < 0.05).
	Croatia	100% Croatian
	M = 34.7, SD = 9.83	66.4% exclusively heterosexual
Timberlake et al. (2016)	N = 802	37.8% men and 62.2% women	SAST, religious affiliation, single item specific to study regarding religiosity	Small positive relationship between service attendance and CSB (B = 0.01, P < 0.01). High and low CSB score categories did not predict religious service attendance.
	Unreported	68.82% White/Caucasian
	M = 35.62, SD = 13.60	Unreported
Volk et al. (2016)	N = 358	52.2% men and 47.8% women	CPUI-9, RCI, & RCI-Household	Small positive relationship between religiousness and problems associated with pornography use. Moral disapproval was found to mediate the relationship between religiosity and CPU-9 score; however, the direct effect of religiosity lost significance after moral disapproval was added to the model.
	Unreported	83.2% White/Caucasian
	M = 34.13, SD = 10.61	87.7% heterosexual
Wilt et al. (2016)	N = 1,070; undergraduates	68.4% men and 31.6% women	CPUI-9 & Adapted RBS	Anger toward God subscale correlated with the perceived compulsivity (r = 0.17, P < 0.01) and access efforts (r = 0.30, P < 0.01) subscales of the CPUI-9. Religiosity positively correlated with each subscale of the CPUI-9: perceived compulsivity (r = 0.26, P < 0.01), access efforts (r = 0.10, P < 0.01), and emotional distress (r = 0.50, P < 0.01). A positive correlation was also present between moral disapproval and religiousness (r = 0.66, P < 0.01).
	US	70% White/Caucasian
	M = 19.33, SD = 2.53	Unreported
Giordano, Cashwell, Lankford, King, and Henson (2017)	N = 326; undergraduates	40.5% men, 58.9% women, 0.3% transgender, and 0.3% missing data	SAST-R & Brief RCOPE	Engaging in higher levels of negative religious coping was positively associated with scores on the SAST-R.
	US	51.2% White/Caucasian
	M = 23.15, SD = 5.03	91.4% heterosexual
Grubbs et al. (2017, Study 1)^a	Time1; N = 1,519; Time2; N = 156; undergraduates	67.2% men, 32.5% women, 0.2% other	CPUI-9 & RSS	At time 1, perceived addiction was positively associated with all 3 subscales of the RSS: divine struggles (r = 0.29, P < 0.05), moral struggles (r = 0.39, P < 0.05), and interpersonal struggles (r = 0.23, P < 0.05). These associations remained at time 2.
	US	71% White/Caucasian
	M = 19.3, SD = 1.3	Unreported
Grubbs et al. (2017, Study 2)^a	Time1; N = 713; Time2; N = 366	51.9% men, 47.4% women,0.7% other/prefer not to say	CPUI-9 & RSS	At time 1, perceived addiction was positively associated with all 3 subscales of the RSS: divine struggles (r = 0.21, P < 0.05), moral struggles (r = 0.37, P < 0.05), and interpersonal struggles (r = 0.08, P < 0.05). These associations remained at time 2.
	US	78% White/Caucasian
	M = 30.2, SD = 9.9	Unreported
Lewczuk et al. (2017)	N = 719	100% women	SAST-R (Polish adaptation) and single items specific to study regarding religiosity	The relationship between religious practices and problems associated with pornography use (r = 0.25, P < 0.001) as well as the relationship between subjective religiosity and problems associated with pornography use (r = 0.09, P < 0.05) were both positive and significant.
	Poland	100% White/Caucasian
	M = 26.5, SD = 5.93	64.3% heterosexual
Salmerón-Sánchez et al. (2017)	N = 124	100% men	SCS (Spanish adaptation) & religious affiliation	SCS was not associated with religious affiliation in either sample (male sex workers or non-male sex workers).
	Spain	100% Hispanic
	Male sex workers (M = 23.1, SD = 3.31) Non-male sex workers (M = 23.75, SD = 3.79)	100% gay
Efrati (2018a)	N = 310; 11th and 12th graders	59% boys (n = 183) and 41% girls (n = 127)	I-CSB & basic demographic information regarding religiosity	CSB is not significantly related to religiosity in their model on the link between attachment, temperament, gender, and religious status to CSB and psychopathology.
	Israel	95.8% Native Israeli
	M = 16.94, SD = 0.65	Unreported
Efrati (2018b)	N = 274; 10th, 11th, and 12th graders	47.8% boys (n = 131) and 52.2% girls (n = 143)	I-CSB, Sensation of Shame of I-CSB, & basic demographic information regarding religiosity	Among secular people, higher CSB was associated with higher levels of autonomous help seeking. Among religious people, CSB and autonomous help seeking were not linked in the model; however, greater CSB was associated with higher levels of avoidant help seeking behaviors in religious adolescents.
	Israel	93.1% Native Israeli
	M = 16.84, SD = 1.29	Unreported
Grubbs Wilt, Exline and Pargament (2018, Study 1)^a	T1: N = 1,352; T2: N = 265, 146 for some analyses; undergraduates	67.7% men	CPUI-9 & aggregate score of RBSM & ARPM	Found an association between the CPUI-9 and religiosity (r = 0.48, P < 0.005). There was also a large correlation between religiosity and moral disapproval (r = 0.71, P < 0.005).
	US	69.2% White/Caucasian
	Unreported	90.1% heterosexual
Grubbs Wilt, Exline and Pargament (2018, Study 2)^a	T1: N = 793; T2: N = 360, 176 for some analyses	T1: 48.8% men; T2: 52% men	CPUI-9 & aggregate score of RBSM & ARPM	Found an association between the CPUI-9 and religiosity (r = 0.36, P < 0.005). There was also a large correlation between religiosity and moral disapproval (r = 0.61, P < 0.005).
	US	79.3% White/Caucasian
	Unreported	83.9% heterosexual
Grubbs Wilt, Exline, Pargament and Kraus (2018, Study 1)^a	T1: N = 1,507; at T2: N = 146; undergraduates	T1: 65.2% men, 34.5% women, and 0.3% other	CPUI-9 & aggregate of RBSM & ARPM	Found significant positive associations between religiousness and CPUI-9 scores (r = 0.48, P < 0.01). Religiousness at baseline was correlated with CPUI-9 scores one year later (r = 0.39, P < 0.01); however, these findings were not significant after controlling for baseline beliefs about addiction. There was a large positive correlation between religiosity and moral disapproval.
	US	90.1% heterosexual
	M = 19.3, SD = 2.2	T2: 67.2% men
		83.9% heterosexual
		69.2% White/Caucasian
Grubbs Wilt, Exline, Pargament and Kraus (2018, Study 2)^a	T1: N = 782; at T2: N = 211	T1: 48.8% men, 50.6% women, and 0.6% other; T2: 73.5% men	CPUI-9 & aggregate of RBSM & ARPM	Found significant positive associations between religiousness and CPUI-9 scores (r = 0.36, P < 0.01). There was a large positive correlation between religiosity and moral disapproval.
	US	79.3% White/Caucasian
	M = 32.6, SD = 10.3	83.9% heterosexual
Grubbs, Grant, et al. (2018, Study 1)	N = 829	56.7% men	Single items specific to study regarding PPU & aggregate of RBSM & ARPM	There was a small association between religiosity the following statements: “believe I am addicted to internet pornography” (r = 0.149, 95% CI [0.079, 0.217]) and “I would call myself an internet pornography addict” (r = 0.089, 95% CI [0.019, 0.159]).
	Unreported	79% White/Caucasian
	M = 33.3, SD = 9.4	86% heterosexual
Grubbs, Grant, et al. (2018, Study 3)	N = 231; undergraduates	39.8% men	Single items specific to study regarding PPU & aggregate of RBSM & ARPM	Religiosity was not associated with the statements “I believe I am addicted to internet pornography” and “I would call myself an internet pornography addict.”
	US	83% White/Caucasian
	M = 19.3, SD = 1.8	79% heterosexual
Grubbs, Grant, et al. (2018, Study 4)	N = 736	58.1% men	Single items specific to study regarding PPU & the mean of single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Religiosity was not associated with the statements “I believe I am addicted to internet pornography” and “I would call myself an internet pornography addict.”
	US	75% White/Caucasian
	M = 48, SD = 15.8	90% heterosexual
Kohut and Štulhofer (2018, Study 1)^a	Rijeka Panel; N = 314	100% boys	CPCS, Faith in God measure, & single item specific to study regarding religiosity	Religiosity was not associated with any measure of pornography use or the CPCS.
	Croatia	Unreported
	24.41% = 15 and under; 73.23% = 16; 2.36% 17 and over	Unreported
Kohut and Štulhofer (2018, Study 2)^a	Zagreb Panel; N = 197	100% boys	CPCS, Faith in God measure, & single item specific to study regarding religiosity	The CPCS was not correlated with Church attendance or personal faith.
	Croatia	Unreported
	1.90% = 15 and under; 81.43% = 16; 16.67% = 17 and over	Unreported
Leonhardt et al. (2018)	N = 686	51% men (n = 350) and 49% women (n = 336	SCS (Adapted scale) & single religiosity items specific to study	Found a positive correlation (r = 0.29, P < 0.05) between religiousness (dichotomous variable, low vs. high religiousness) and perception of addiction.
	US	60% White/Caucasian
	M = 28.54, SD = 7.85	Unreported
Zilberman et al. (2018)	Clinical sample: N = 61	93.4% men (n = 57) and 6.5% women (n = 4)	I-CSB & self-report measure of religiosity	Chi square test indicated significantly different distribution of religious, traditional, and non-religious individuals across different categories of addiction (alcohol, drug, sex, gambling, and control) χ2 (8) = 130.418 P < 0.001. There was a higher prevalence of religious individuals in the sex addiction group (n = 53) compared to traditional (n = 2) and non-religious (n = 6).
	Control sample: N = 78	Unreported
	Israel	Unreported
	Unreported
Efrati (2019, Study 1)	N = 661	49.8% boys (n = 329) and 50.2% girls (n = 332)	I-CSB & basic demographic information regarding religiosity^b	Religious adolescents scored significantly higher than secular adolescents on CSB (β = 0.84, P < 0.001).
	Israel	Unreported
	M = 16.84, SD = 1.29	Unreported
Efrati (2019, Study 2)	N = 522	43.5% boys (n = 227) and 56.5% girls (n = 295)	I-CSB & basic demographic information regarding religiosity b	Religious adolescents were higher than their secular adolescents on CSB (β = 0.75, P = 0.002).
	Israel	Unreported
	M = 16.84, SD = 1.29	Unreported
Efrati (2019, Study 3)	N = 317	49.5% boys (n = 157) and 50.5% girls (n = 160)	I-CSB & basic demographic information regarding religiosity^b	Sexual thought suppression mediated the association between religiosity and CSB.
	Israel	Unreported
	M = 17.84, SD = 4.23	Unreported
Grubbs, Kraus, et al. (2019)	N = 2,075 Analyzed: N = 1,461	59% men	CPUI-9 (adapted version Part 1) & the mean of single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Religiosity was not correlated with frequency of pornography use or amount consumed per day, but was correlated with each of the three subscale representative items (r = 0.205, P < 0.001; r = 0.194, P < 0.001; r = 0.317, P < 0.001), with the three item self-perceived addiction measure (r = 0.283, P < 0.001), and the moral incongruence measure (r = 0.447, P < 0.001).
	US	74% White/Caucasian
	M = 44.8, SD = 16.7	Unreported
Maddock et al. (2019) ^a	T1 N = 320 Time 2 (3 months) N = 175 Time 3 (6 months) N = 163	54.8% men and 45.3% women	PPUS, CSB measure created specifically for study, & single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Religiosity at baseline did not predict excessive or problematic pornography use at 3 months, and the interaction of religiosity and frequency of pornography use at baseline also did not predict excessive or compulsive use at 3 months. More religious people who viewed pornography were about equally as likely to view their use as excessive or compulsive as less religious people.
	Unreported	74.7% White/Caucasian
	M = 36.26, SD = 10.18	86% heterosexual
Rosmarin and Pirutinsky (2019) ^a	N = 94	100% men	Clinical interview, DRI, JCOPE, & single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Religious struggles subscale of JCOPE was only positively correlated with problematic sexual behaviors among individual who were raised orthodox, whether they were currently still orthodox (r = 0.58, P < 0.01) or were no longer orthodox (r = 0.47, P < 0.05). No other variables were correlated for these two groups, and there was no association between religiosity and sexual behavior for these who were not raised orthodox.
	US	Unreported
	M = 40.15, SD = 16.11	Unreported
Borgogna et al. (2020)	N = 224	100% men	CPUI-9, pornography viewing frequency, DRS, “Fear of Sin” subscale from the PIOS, & single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Found that the CPUI-9 correlated with the DRS (r = 0.17, P < 0.01), the “Fear of Sin'' subscale of scrupulosity (r = 0.5, P < 0.001), spirituality (“How spiritual are you?”; r = 0.14, P < 0.05), and religious behavior (frequency of religious activities, such as prayer; r = 0.31, P < 0.001).
	US	72% White/Caucasian
	M = 19.63, SD = 66.22	100% heterosexual
Grubbs, Kraus, et al. (2020, Sample 1)	N = 467; undergraduates	38.5% men	CPUI-4 & aggregate score of RBSM & ARPM	Religiosity was found to be associated with both self-reported problems (r = 0.183, P < 0.005) and moral disapproval (r = 0.517, P < 0.005).
	US	82% White/Caucasian
	M = 19.32, SD = 2.45	Unreported
Grubbs, Kraus, et al. (2020, Sample 2)	N = 739	58% men	CPUI-4 & single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Religiosity was found to be positively associated with self-reported problems (r = 0.074, P < 0.05) and moral disapproval (r = 0.517, P < 0.005)
	US	74.7% White/Caucasian
	M = 47.9, SD = 15.81	Unreported
Grubbs, Kraus, et al. (2020, Sample 3)	N = 1,461	59% men	BPS & single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Religiosity was found to be positively associated with self-reported problems (r = 0.144, P < 0.005) and moral disapproval (r = 0.291, P < 0.005)
	US	74% White/Caucasian
	M = 45.51, SD = 16.60	Unreported
Grubbs, Kraus, et al. (2020, Sample 4)^a	T1 N = 850 Time 2 (4 month) N = 512 Time 3 (8 month) N = 477 Time 4 (12 month) N = 428	52.3% men	CPUI-4 & aggregate score of RBSM & ARPM	Religiosity was found to be positively associated with moral disapproval at all phases (T1: r = 0.373, P < 0.005; T2: r = 0.371, P < 0.005; T3: r = 0.4, P < 0.005; T4: r = 0.366, P < 0.005) and with self-reported problems at all phases (T1: r = 0.203, P < 0.005; T2: r = 0.238, P < 0.005; T3: r = 0.2, P < 0.005; T4: r = 0.138, P < 0.005).
	US	78.9% White/Caucasian
	M = 33.98, SD = 9.87	Unreported
Grubbs, Lee, et al. (2020)	N = 1,424	66.4% men	CPUI-4, BPS, & Pew Research Center Survey items	Religiosity was found to be positively associated with the BPS mean score (r = 0.262, 95% CI [0.211, 0.311]) and the CPUI-4 (r = 0.158, 95% CI [0.105, 0.209]). Religiousness acted as a moderator between pornography use and self-reported addiction, such that pornography use was more strongly related to self-reported addiction at higher levels of religiosity.
	US	62.5% White/Caucasian
	M = 43.92, SD = 16.74	Unreported
Lewczuk et al. (2020)	N = 885	55.1% men (n = 485) and 44.9% women (n = 395)	BPS, HBI-19, CPUI-9 (adapted version), religious affiliation, & single items specific to study regarding religiosity	Religiosity was not correlated with self-perceived pornography addiction but was positively associated with problematic pornography use (r =0.11, P < 0.001), moral disapproval of pornography (r = 0.44, P < 0.001), moral incongruence related distress (r = 0.22, P <0.001). The path analyses indicated that religiosity contributes to the above pornography constructs, which then contribute to problematic pornography use.
	Poland	Unreported
	M = 43.69, SD = 14.06	Unreported
Zimmer and Imhoff (2020)	N = 1,063	100% men	HBI, TSO, & religious affiliation	Did not find a correlation between participants identifying as Christian and HBI-19 scores; however, there was a small correlation between the HBI-19 and religious affiliation (r = 0.17, P < 0.005), as well as annual frequency of attending Church service (r = 0.17, P < 0.005). The dyscontrol subscale of the HBI-19 correlated with Christian affiliation (r = 0.14, P < 0.005), other religious affiliation (r = 0.20, P < 0.005), and annual frequency of attending Church service (r = 0.25, P < 0.005).
	Multinational	Unreported
	M = 26.86, SD = 6.79	Unreported
De Jong and Cook (2021)	N = 646 participants identified as theist	63% men	CPUI-9, DUREL, & PIOS-R	Experimental manipulation of religious priming did not have an indirect effect via shame on self-perceived perceived pornography addiction. Exploratory analyses revealed an indirect effect of religious primes via shame on self-perceived pornography addiction among individuals high on both organizational religiosity and various obsessive compulsive disorder compulsivity subscales.
	US	78.6% White/Caucasian, 77.7% heterosexual
	M = 24.9, SD = 9.5
Efrati and Amichai-Hamburger (2021) Study 2	N = 713	53.7% boys	I-CSB and religious status: religious or secular^b	Results indicated that adolescents who only engaged in online sexual activities had significantly higher percentage of clinical CSB and were more likely to be religious.
	Adolescents age 14–18	Not reported
	Israel	Not reported
	M = 16.71, SD = 1.17
Hotchkiss (2021)	N = 464	95.4% men	SCS and RSSS	Significant difference between religious (M = 65,66; SD = 21.31) and non-religious (M = 53,08, SD = 22.40) scores on the RSSS (F = 15.09, P = 0.001).
	US	77.8% White/Caucasian, Not reported
	M = 33.4, SD = 16.4
Leonhardt et al. (2021)	N = 1,421	55.7% men	Perceived Compulsivity Subscale of the CPUI-9 and 3 items from RELATE questionnaire assessing religiosity	Religiosity was not associated with self-perceived problematic pornography use for men or women.
	US	76% White
	M = 34.12, SD = 10.46	2.4% reported some same-sex attraction
Lewczuk et al. (2021)	N = 1,036	49% men	Three items from the CPUI-9; three items measuring various aspects of religiosity	Moral incongruence (β = 0.20, P < 0.001) and religiosity (β = 0.08, P < 0.05) were significant predictors of self-perceived pornography addiction.
	Poland	Not reported - all Polish
	M = 43.28, SD = 14.21	Not reported
Rousseau et al. (2021) ^a	N = 337	All men	Compulsive Pornography Consumption scale; 4-item measure of religious faith used in previous research in Croatia	Greater porn use at baseline and greater increase in porn use over time was related to increased PPU at T6. This relationship was moderated by religiosity, such that there was a stronger relationship between pornography frequency/increase and PPU for more religious individuals. Religiosity was not correlated with PPU scores at T5/T6.
	Croatia	Not reported - all Croatian
	Not reported; all were high school sophomores at time of recruitment	Not reported

Note. CSB measure abbreviations include: The Male Sexual Addiction Screening Test (G-SAST), Hypersexual Behavioral Consequences Scale (HBCS), Hypersexual Disorder Questionnaire (HDQ), Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI-19), Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-9 (CPUI-9), Cyber Pornography Use Inventory-4 (CPUI-4), Sexual Compulsivity Scale (SCS), Brief Pornography Screener (BPS), Compulsive Pornography Consumption Scale (CPCS), Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI), Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory (HDSI), Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST), Sexual Addiction Screening Test - Revised (SAST-R), Individual-Based Compulsive Sexual Behavior Scale (I-CSB), and “Total Sexual Outlet” (TSO) measure. Religiosity and spirituality measure abbreviations include: Systems of Belief Inventory (SBI-15R), Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), Dimensions of Religiosity Scale (DRS), Religious Commitment Inventory (RCI), Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief RCOPE), Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS), Jewish Religious Coping Scale (JCOPE), Spiritual Struggle Scale (SSS), Duke University Religion Index (DUREL), The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS), Religious Belief Salience measure (RBSM), and Adapted Religious Participation Measure (ARPM).

^aLongitudinal study. ^bThe question on religiosity is common in many Israeli formal and informal forms (including that of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics) and includes three classifications: secular, religious (Orthodox) and ultra-Orthodox.