Table 1.
Clinically relevant variables to explain the comorbidity of ADHD-GD (n = 97)
| Total (n = 97) | ADHD+ (n = 37) | ADHD- (n = 58) | OR | P | |
| Mean (SD) or n (percentage) | |||||
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | |||||
| Family history of addiction | 61 (63%) | 27 (73%) | 33 (57%) | 2.045 | 0.116 |
| GAMING | |||||
| VMQ – coping (/20) | 15 (3.5) | 17 (3.0) | 14 (3.4) | 1.279 | 0.001 |
| VMQ – positive reinforcement (/20) | 15 (3.1) | 16 (3.1) | 14 (3.1) | 1.142 | 0.071 |
| VMQ – social (/20) | 9 (2.8) | 10 (3.3) | 9 (2.4) | 1.161 | 0.059 |
| PSYCHOPATHOLOGY | |||||
| TCI – novelty seeking (%) | 54 (20.9) | 61 (20.7) | 50 (20.1) | 1.028 | 0.014 |
| TCI – harm avoidance (%) | 57 (24.7) | 63 (22.6) | 53 (25.4) | 1.018 | 0.058 |
| TCI – reward dependence (%) | 51 (17.5) | 50 (17.3) | 52 (17.8) | 0.993 | 0.570 |
| TCI – persistance (%) | 32 (28.0) | 31 (30.4) | 33 (26.5) | 0.997 | 0.668 |
| UPPS-P – negative urgency (/16) | 10 (3.1) | 12 (3.1) | 9 (2.5) | 1.421 | 0.00006 |
| UPPS-P – positive urgency (/16) | 11 (2.9) | 12 (2.8) | 10 (2.7) | 1.340 | 0.0007 |
| UPPS-P – lack of premeditation (/16) | 9 (2.8) | 10 (3.2) | 8 (2.4) | 1.216 | 0.016 |
| UPPS-P – lack of perseverance (/16) | 10 (3.1) | 11 (3.2) | 10 (2.9) | 1.182 | 0.023 |
| UPPS-P – sensation seeking (/16) | 10 (3.3) | 11 (3.4) | 10 (3.1) | 1.127 | 0.079 |
| RSE – low (<30/40) | 69 (73%) | 32 (87%) | 37 (64%) | 3.632 | 0.020 |
| LSAS – total (/144) | 51 (27.3) | 61 (27.0) | 45 (25.6) | 1.024 | 0.006 |
| RSQ – secure (/25) | 15 (4.4) | 14 (4.3) | 16 (3.5) | 0.896 | 0.064 |
Variables in grey were retained to be entered in the multivariate logistic regression model (i.e., variables significant at 0.20).
Abbreviations: Videogame Motives Questionnaire (VMQ); Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI); Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation seeking, Positive urgency (UPPS-P); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE); Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS); Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ).