Elhai et al., (2016)
|
smartphone use |
general |
0.40 |
308 |
pre |
0.95 |
0.84 |
46.4 |
33.15 |
8.47 |
4.25 |
online |
Wolniewicz et al., (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.53 |
297 |
pre |
0.92 |
0.87 |
72.1 |
19.7 |
4.62 |
4.68 |
online |
Elhai et al., (2018)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.51 |
296 |
pre |
0.93 |
0.9 |
76.7 |
19.44 |
4.72 |
4.8 |
online |
Elhai et al. (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.51 |
316 |
pre |
0.86 |
0.89 |
66.8 |
19.21 |
4.57 |
4.52 |
online |
Elhai et al., (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.29 |
1,034 |
pre |
0.92 |
0.81 |
65.3 |
19.34 |
5.82 |
5.18 |
online |
Long, Wang, Liu, and Lei (2019)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.38 |
677 |
pre |
0.86 |
0.73 |
41.1 |
16.79 |
5.68 |
5.66 |
in-person |
Wang, Wang, Nie, et al. (2019)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.40 |
724 |
pre |
0.86 |
0.74 |
56.9 |
16.79 |
5.7 |
5.64 |
in-person |
Lee et al., (2021)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.56 |
218 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.9 |
57.3 |
19.26 |
4.74 |
5.58 |
online |
Traş and Öztemel (2019)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.44 |
608 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
71.87 |
21.34 |
4.74 |
5.57 |
in-person |
Upreti and Musalay (2018)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.21 |
300 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.84 |
50 |
22.68 |
4.48 |
5.41 |
in-person |
Tugtekin, Barut Tugtekin, Kurt, and Demir (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.52 |
469 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
58.4 |
22.68 |
4.74 |
5.32 |
in-person |
Yam and Kumcağız (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.62 |
327 |
post |
0.91 |
0.88 |
73.08 |
22.68 |
5.08 |
5.12 |
online |
Brown, George, and Rickwood (2021)
|
smartphone use |
general |
0.40 |
528 |
Blank |
0.86 |
0.88 |
70 |
20.46 |
5.34 |
5.06 |
online |
Gezgin (2018)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.66 |
161 |
pre |
0.76 |
0.77 |
41.6 |
16.22 |
4.87 |
4.9 |
in-person |
Gezgin (2018)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.05 |
161 |
pre |
0.76 |
0.77 |
41.6 |
16.22 |
4.87 |
4.9 |
in-person |
Adelhardt, Markus, and Eberle (2018)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.56 |
34 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
50 |
22.68 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
in-person |
Li, Griffiths, Mei, and Niu (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.39 |
2,886 |
post |
0.9 |
0.82 |
52.04 |
14.79 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
in-person |
Buyukbayraktar (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.49 |
610 |
Blank |
0.87 |
0.83 |
53.3 |
22.68 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
N.S |
Elhai et al., (2020)
|
smartphone use |
general |
0.72 |
812 |
post |
0.85 |
0.83 |
50.1 |
44.45 |
4.73 |
4.89 |
online |
Coco et al., (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.40 |
242 |
pre |
0.79 |
0.78 |
54.95 |
14.16 |
4.16 |
4.89 |
in-person |
Li, Griffiths, Mei, and Niu (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.33 |
1,164 |
post |
0.86 |
0.82 |
14.13 |
20.1 |
4.95 |
4.88 |
online |
Coskun and Muslu (2019)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.37 |
1,630 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
55 |
22.68 |
4.51 |
4.82 |
in-person |
Tunc-Aksan and Akbay (2019)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.42 |
296 |
pre |
0.92 |
0.81 |
45.94 |
22.68 |
4.51 |
4.56 |
in-person |
Wolniewicz et al., (2018)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.42 |
299 |
pre |
0.88 |
0.87 |
57.1 |
20 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
N.S |
Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2016)
|
smartphone use |
general |
0.61 |
251 |
pre |
0.91 |
0.9 |
63.4 |
27.7 |
4.5 |
4.38 |
online |
Servidio (2021)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.35 |
405 |
pre |
0.8 |
0.73 |
71.11 |
22.11 |
4.47 |
4.32 |
in-person |
Sha et al., (2019)
|
smartphone use |
general |
0.40 |
2,299 |
pre |
0.8 |
0.76 |
39.19 |
30.33 |
4.56 |
4.06 |
online |
Liu and Ma (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.36 |
465 |
Blank |
0.9 |
0.85 |
69.24 |
18.83 |
5.19 |
4.03 |
N.S |
Gugushvili et al., (2020)
|
smartphone use |
general |
0.42 |
426 |
pre |
0.89 |
0.83 |
77 |
26.74 |
2.06 |
3.2 |
online |
Elhai et al., (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.40 |
1,097 |
post |
0.89 |
0.89 |
81.9 |
19.38 |
6.23 |
4.68 |
online |
O’Connell, (2020)
|
smartphone use |
Student |
0.43 |
253 |
Blank |
0.88 |
0.87 |
61 |
22.68 |
4.68 |
5.1 |
online |
Reer, Tang, and Quandt (2019)
|
social media use |
general |
0.30 |
1,865 |
pre |
0.81 |
0.87 |
51.5 |
27.65 |
3.84 |
5.22 |
online |
Tsai et al., (2019)
|
social media use |
general |
0.19 |
187 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.88 |
36 |
45.37 |
4.74 |
3.99 |
online |
Oberst, Wegmann, Stodt, Brand, and Chamarro (2017)
|
social media use |
general |
0.46 |
1,468 |
Blank |
0.79 |
0.83 |
74.31 |
16.59 |
6.63 |
4.26 |
online |
Kacker and Saurav (2020)
|
social media use |
general |
0.12 |
600 |
Blank |
0.85 |
0.83 |
44.83 |
22.68 |
2.52 |
6.6 |
N.S |
Shen, Zhang, and Xin (2020)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.43 |
399 |
pre |
0.7 |
0.63 |
56.64 |
20.4 |
6.59 |
6.54 |
online |
Sindermann, Yang, Liu, Elhai, and Montag (2021)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.51 |
377 |
post |
0.93 |
0.85 |
75.86 |
21.64 |
5.38 |
6.04 |
online |
Hamutoglu, Topal, and Gezgin (2020)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.48 |
845 |
Blank |
0.85 |
0.83 |
50 |
22.68 |
7.11 |
5.81 |
N.S |
Wang et al., (2018)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.37 |
832 |
pre |
0.78 |
0.8 |
48 |
16.43 |
4.74 |
5.74 |
in-person |
Yin et al., (2021)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.41 |
704 |
pre |
0.87 |
0.75 |
57.2 |
16.8 |
5.26 |
5.64 |
in-person |
Classen et al., (2020)
|
social media use |
general |
0.33 |
218 |
Blank |
0.8 |
0.8 |
73.85 |
22.68 |
6.86 |
5.4 |
online |
Luo and Liang (2018)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.27 |
68 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.88 |
73.5 |
21.1 |
4.74 |
5.1 |
in-person |
Pontes e al., (2018)
|
social media use |
general |
0.68 |
511 |
pre |
0.86 |
0.91 |
64.6 |
22.68 |
4.74 |
4.9 |
online |
Blackwell et al., (2017)
|
social media use |
general |
0.46 |
207 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.91 |
74.87 |
22.15 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
online |
Lai, Altavilla, Ronconi, and Aceto (2016)
|
social media use |
general |
0.60 |
20 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.87 |
45 |
24.1 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
in-person |
Tomczyk & Lizde, (2018)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.50 |
717 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
47 |
13 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
in-person |
Munawaroh et al., (2020)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.57 |
106 |
post |
0.85 |
0.83 |
100 |
22.68 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
online |
Liu and Ma (2019)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.56 |
463 |
Blank |
0.94 |
0.83 |
74.29 |
19.94 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
N.S |
Alt, (2015)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.54 |
296 |
pre |
0.84 |
0.83 |
85.3 |
25.4 |
2.26 |
4.61 |
in-person |
Rozgonjuk, Sindermann, Elhai, and Montag (2020)
|
social media use |
general |
0.47 |
748 |
Blank |
0.9 |
0.77 |
55.08 |
38.63 |
3.72 |
4.59 |
online |
Tunc-Aksan and Akbay (2019)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.43 |
296 |
Blank |
0.74 |
0.81 |
45.94 |
22.68 |
2.54 |
4.56 |
in-person |
Fabris, Marengo, Longobardi, and Settanni (2020)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.48 |
472 |
post |
0.73 |
0.81 |
50 |
13.49 |
4.24 |
4.51 |
in-person |
Fuster et al., (2017)
|
social media use |
general |
0.378 |
5,280 |
pre |
0.81 |
0.85 |
76.18 |
15.47 |
2.02 |
4.48 |
online |
Casale, Rugai, and Fioravanti (2018)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.45 |
579 |
pre |
0.82 |
0.81 |
54.6 |
22.39 |
3.98 |
4.43 |
in-person |
Barry and Wong (2020)
|
social media use |
general |
0.33 |
419 |
pre |
0.86 |
0.88 |
75.89 |
30.29 |
4.74 |
4.26 |
online |
Sha et al., (2019)
|
social media use |
general |
0.39 |
2,299 |
pre |
0.88 |
0.76 |
39.19 |
30.33 |
3.6 |
4.06 |
online |
Liu and Ma (2020)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.40 |
465 |
Blank |
0.94 |
0.85 |
69.24 |
18.83 |
5.31 |
4.03 |
N.S |
Przybylski et al., (2013)
|
social media use |
general |
0.40 |
2079 |
pre |
0.82 |
0.9 |
49.97 |
43.21 |
2.07 |
3.78 |
online |
Wegmann et al., (2017)
|
social media use |
general |
0.20 |
270 |
pre |
0.83 |
0.82 |
70.37 |
23.43 |
4.17 |
4.86 |
online |
McAndrew (2018)
|
social media use |
Student |
0.41 |
198 |
pre |
0.82 |
0.87 |
86 |
19 |
5.86 |
5.04 |
online |
Tang et al., (2020)
|
Internet use |
Student |
0.75 |
290 |
post |
0.86 |
0.74 |
59.3 |
22.68 |
5.5 |
4.94 |
online |
Alt and Boniel-Nissim (2018a, 2018b)
|
Internet use |
Student |
0.32 |
216 |
pre |
0.8 |
0.82 |
49 |
22.68 |
4.4 |
5.64 |
N.S |
Metin-Orta, (2020)
|
Internet use |
Student |
0.33 |
322 |
Blank |
0.9 |
0.76 |
61.49 |
22.16 |
2.89 |
5.42 |
N.S |
Reyes et al., (2018)
|
Internet use |
general |
0.57 |
1,060 |
pre |
0.93 |
0.85 |
60.94 |
25.22 |
3.76 |
4.75 |
in-person |
Kargın, Türkben Polat, & Coşkun Şimşek (2020)
|
Internet use |
Student |
0.33 |
511 |
post |
0.85 |
0.83 |
72.6 |
22.68 |
4.74 |
4.65 |
N.S |
Aygar et al., (2019)
|
Internet use |
Student |
0.42 |
463 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
45.1 |
21 |
3.95 |
4.47 |
N.S |
Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2016)
|
Internet use |
general |
0.58 |
251 |
pre |
0.89 |
0.9 |
63.04 |
27.7 |
3.31 |
4.38 |
online |
Cabrera, Andal, Delariarte, Kallarackal, and Tanganco (2019)
|
Internet use |
Student |
0.53 |
254 |
Blank |
0.85 |
0.83 |
62.6 |
22.4 |
4.46 |
3.54 |
in-person |
Sela, Zach, Amichay-Hamburger, Mishali, and Omer (2020)
|
Internet use |
Student |
0.38 |
85 |
pre |
0.86 |
0.87 |
41 |
14.04 |
5.07 |
4.88 |
online |
Rahardjo and Mulyani (2020)
|
Instagram use |
general |
0.65 |
259 |
Blank |
0.91 |
0.83 |
68.3 |
18.85 |
5.62 |
7.22 |
online |
Sheldon et al., (2021)
|
Instagram use |
Student |
0.43 |
337 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.87 |
57.27 |
23.35 |
4.52 |
4.7 |
online |
Balta et al., (2020)
|
Instagram use |
general |
0.38 |
423 |
Blank |
0.89 |
0.78 |
53 |
17.15 |
4.97 |
5.25 |
online |
Li et al., (2020)
|
Social media use- frequency |
student |
0.20 |
2,017 |
Blank |
0.74 |
0.81 |
50.47 |
20.1 |
|
4.13 |
online |
Burnell et al., (2019)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.17 |
717 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
69 |
21.47 |
9.66 |
4.82 |
online |
Hamutoglu et al., (2020)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.23 |
845 |
Blank |
0.85 |
0.83 |
50 |
22.68 |
1.32 |
5.81 |
N.S |
Stead and Bibby (2017)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.47 |
495 |
pre |
0.89 |
0.84 |
69 |
20.62 |
4.9 |
4.91 |
online |
Gezgin (2018)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.43 |
161 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.77 |
41.6 |
16.22 |
1.47 |
4.9 |
in-person |
Bloemen and De Coninck (2020)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.29 |
831 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.7 |
35.9 |
15.94 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
online |
*Gullu and Serin (2020)
|
Social media use- frequency |
general |
0.77 |
702 |
post |
0.92 |
0.95 |
53 |
22.68 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
N.S |
Barber and Santuzzi (2017)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.30 |
241 |
pre |
0.86 |
0.87 |
57.9 |
19.01 |
6.7 |
4.82 |
N.S |
Reyes et al., (2018)
|
Social media use- frequency |
general |
0.41 |
1,060 |
pre |
0.93 |
0.85 |
60.94 |
25.22 |
4.68 |
4.75 |
in-person |
Wolniewicz et al., (2018)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.12 |
299 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.87 |
57.1 |
20 |
2.81 |
4.4 |
N.S |
Rogers and Barber (2019)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.21 |
97 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.9 |
62 |
19.81 |
8.37 |
4.24 |
in-person |
Buglass, Binder, Betts, and Underwood (2017)
|
Social media use- frequency |
general |
0.25 |
489 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.88 |
47 |
20 |
5.08 |
4 |
N.S |
Cabrera et al., (2019)
|
Social media use- frequency |
Student |
0.08 |
254 |
Blank |
0.85 |
0.83 |
62.6 |
22.4 |
5.44 |
3.54 |
in-person |
Elhai et al., (2016)
|
Smartphone use- frequency |
general |
0.04 |
308 |
pre |
0.86 |
0.84 |
46.4 |
33.15 |
6.9 |
4.25 |
online |
Wolniewicz et al., (2020)
|
Smartphone use- frequency |
Student |
0.18 |
297 |
pre |
0.74 |
0.87 |
72.1 |
19.7 |
7.51 |
4.68 |
online |
Elhai et al., (2018)
|
Smartphone use- frequency |
Student |
0.13 |
296 |
pre |
0.76 |
0.9 |
76.7 |
19.44 |
7.31 |
4.8 |
online |
Elhai et al., (2020)
|
Smartphone use- frequency |
Student |
0.20 |
1,034 |
pre |
0.82 |
0.81 |
65.3 |
19.34 |
7.63 |
5.18 |
online |
Schneider and Hitzfeld (2019)
|
Internet use- frequency |
general |
0.54 |
278 |
Blank |
0.9 |
0.8 |
74 |
26.78 |
4.96 |
6.54 |
online |
Traş and Öztemel (2019)
|
Internet use- frequency |
Student |
0.22 |
608 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
71.87 |
21.34 |
4.74 |
5.57 |
in-person |
Franchina, Vanden Abeele, Van Rooij, Lo Coco, and De Marez (2018)
|
Facebook use |
Student |
0.16 |
2,663 |
pre |
0.82 |
0.83 |
57.1 |
14.87 |
4.88 |
6.22 |
in-person |
Fang, Wang, Wen, and Zhou (2020)
|
Facebook use |
Student |
0.45 |
501 |
post |
0.81 |
0.79 |
70.66 |
19.6 |
6.37 |
6.1 |
in-person |
Uram and Skalski (2020)
|
Facebook use |
general |
0.43 |
309 |
post |
0.86 |
0.89 |
59 |
25.11 |
4.82 |
5.57 |
online |
Traş and Öztemel (2019)
|
Facebook use |
Student |
0.15 |
608 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
71.87 |
21.34 |
4.74 |
5.57 |
in-person |
Beyens, Frison, and Eggermont (2016)
|
Facebook use |
Student |
0.50 |
402 |
pre |
0.78 |
0.84 |
57 |
16.41 |
4.74 |
5 |
in-person |
Riordan et al., (2020)
|
Facebook use |
Student |
0.28 |
198 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.83 |
80.8 |
19.7 |
4.74 |
4.89 |
online |
Sheldon et al., (2021)
|
Facebook use |
Student |
0.39 |
337 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.87 |
57.27 |
23.35 |
3.82 |
4.7 |
online |
Błachnio and Przepiórka (2018)
|
Facebook use |
general |
0.45 |
360 |
pre |
0.87 |
0.78 |
64 |
22.22 |
4.1 |
4.6 |
online |
Can and Satici (2019)
|
Facebook use |
general |
0.43 |
371 |
pre |
0.93 |
0.78 |
59.83 |
33.65 |
3.47 |
4.58 |
online |
Sha et al., (2019)
|
Facebook use |
general |
0.31 |
2,299 |
pre |
0.9 |
0.76 |
39.19 |
30.33 |
2.68 |
4.06 |
online |
Dempsey et al., (2019)
|
Facebook use |
Student |
0.25 |
291 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.87 |
57.6 |
20.03 |
2.54 |
4.41 |
online |
Reer et al., (2019)
|
Age |
general |
−0.15 |
1,865 |
pre |
0.81 |
0.87 |
51.5 |
27.65 |
3.84 |
5.22 |
online |
Wolniewicz et al., (2020)
|
Age |
Student |
−0.16 |
297 |
pre |
0.74 |
0.87 |
72.1 |
19.7 |
7.51 |
4.68 |
online |
Elhai et al., (2018)
|
Age |
Student |
−0.16 |
296 |
pre |
0.93 |
0.9 |
76.7 |
19.44 |
4.72 |
4.8 |
online |
Tsai et al., (2019)
|
Age |
general |
−0.44 |
187 |
pre |
0.85 |
0.88 |
36 |
45.37 |
4.74 |
3.99 |
online |
Schneider and Hitzfeld (2019)
|
Age |
general |
−0.41 |
278 |
Blank |
0.9 |
0.8 |
74 |
26.78 |
4.96 |
6.54 |
online |
Wang et al., (2018)
|
Age |
Student |
−0.05 |
832 |
pre |
0.78 |
0.8 |
48 |
16.43 |
4.74 |
5.74 |
in-person |
Classen et al., (2020)
|
Age |
general |
0.05 |
218 |
Blank |
0.8 |
0.8 |
73.85 |
22.68 |
6.86 |
5.4 |
online |
Stead and Bibby (2017)
|
Age |
Student |
−0.13 |
495 |
pre |
0.89 |
0.84 |
69 |
20.62 |
4.9 |
4.91 |
online |
Rozgonjuk et al., (2020)
|
Age |
general |
−0.32 |
748 |
Blank |
0.9 |
0.77 |
55.08 |
38.63 |
3.72 |
4.59 |
online |
Fabris et al., (2020)
|
Age |
Student |
0.03 |
472 |
post |
0.73 |
0.81 |
50 |
13.49 |
4.24 |
4.51 |
in-person |
Fuster et al., (2017)
|
Age |
general |
−0.08 |
5,280 |
pre |
0.81 |
0.85 |
76.18 |
15.47 |
2.02 |
4.48 |
online |
Sha et al., (2019)
|
Age |
general |
−0.31 |
2,299 |
pre |
0.9 |
0.76 |
39.19 |
30.33 |
2.68 |
4.06 |
online |
Przybylski et al., (2013)
|
Age |
general |
−0.37 |
2,079 |
pre |
0.82 |
0.9 |
49.97 |
43.21 |
2.07 |
3.78 |
online |
Elhai et al., (2020)
|
Age |
Student |
−0.01 |
1,097 |
post |
0.89 |
0.89 |
81.9 |
19.38 |
6.23 |
4.68 |
online |