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. 2021 Dec 17;10(4):879–900. doi: 10.1556/2006.2021.00083
Study Reported Content population r n COVID-19 INTERNET USE alpha FoMO alpha Female% age INTERNET USE x– FoMO x– Data Collection
Elhai et al., (2016) smartphone use general 0.40 308 pre 0.95 0.84 46.4 33.15 8.47 4.25 online
Wolniewicz et al., (2020) smartphone use Student 0.53 297 pre 0.92 0.87 72.1 19.7 4.62 4.68 online
Elhai et al., (2018) smartphone use Student 0.51 296 pre 0.93 0.9 76.7 19.44 4.72 4.8 online
Elhai et al. (2020) smartphone use Student 0.51 316 pre 0.86 0.89 66.8 19.21 4.57 4.52 online
Elhai et al., (2020) smartphone use Student 0.29 1,034 pre 0.92 0.81 65.3 19.34 5.82 5.18 online
Long, Wang, Liu, and Lei (2019) smartphone use Student 0.38 677 pre 0.86 0.73 41.1 16.79 5.68 5.66 in-person
Wang, Wang, Nie, et al. (2019) smartphone use Student 0.40 724 pre 0.86 0.74 56.9 16.79 5.7 5.64 in-person
Lee et al., (2021) smartphone use Student 0.56 218 pre 0.85 0.9 57.3 19.26 4.74 5.58 online
Traş and Öztemel (2019) smartphone use Student 0.44 608 pre 0.85 0.83 71.87 21.34 4.74 5.57 in-person
Upreti and Musalay (2018) smartphone use Student 0.21 300 pre 0.85 0.84 50 22.68 4.48 5.41 in-person
Tugtekin, Barut Tugtekin, Kurt, and Demir (2020) smartphone use Student 0.52 469 pre 0.85 0.83 58.4 22.68 4.74 5.32 in-person
Yam and Kumcağız (2020) smartphone use Student 0.62 327 post 0.91 0.88 73.08 22.68 5.08 5.12 online
Brown, George, and Rickwood (2021) smartphone use general 0.40 528 Blank 0.86 0.88 70 20.46 5.34 5.06 online
Gezgin (2018) smartphone use Student 0.66 161 pre 0.76 0.77 41.6 16.22 4.87 4.9 in-person
Gezgin (2018) smartphone use Student 0.05 161 pre 0.76 0.77 41.6 16.22 4.87 4.9 in-person
Adelhardt, Markus, and Eberle (2018) smartphone use Student 0.56 34 pre 0.85 0.83 50 22.68 4.74 4.89 in-person
Li, Griffiths, Mei, and Niu (2020) smartphone use Student 0.39 2,886 post 0.9 0.82 52.04 14.79 4.74 4.89 in-person
Buyukbayraktar (2020) smartphone use Student 0.49 610 Blank 0.87 0.83 53.3 22.68 4.74 4.89 N.S
Elhai et al., (2020) smartphone use general 0.72 812 post 0.85 0.83 50.1 44.45 4.73 4.89 online
Coco et al., (2020) smartphone use Student 0.40 242 pre 0.79 0.78 54.95 14.16 4.16 4.89 in-person
Li, Griffiths, Mei, and Niu (2020) smartphone use Student 0.33 1,164 post 0.86 0.82 14.13 20.1 4.95 4.88 online
Coskun and Muslu (2019) smartphone use Student 0.37 1,630 pre 0.85 0.83 55 22.68 4.51 4.82 in-person
Tunc-Aksan and Akbay (2019) smartphone use Student 0.42 296 pre 0.92 0.81 45.94 22.68 4.51 4.56 in-person
Wolniewicz et al., (2018) smartphone use Student 0.42 299 pre 0.88 0.87 57.1 20 4.5 4.4 N.S
Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2016) smartphone use general 0.61 251 pre 0.91 0.9 63.4 27.7 4.5 4.38 online
Servidio (2021) smartphone use Student 0.35 405 pre 0.8 0.73 71.11 22.11 4.47 4.32 in-person
Sha et al., (2019) smartphone use general 0.40 2,299 pre 0.8 0.76 39.19 30.33 4.56 4.06 online
Liu and Ma (2020) smartphone use Student 0.36 465 Blank 0.9 0.85 69.24 18.83 5.19 4.03 N.S
Gugushvili et al., (2020) smartphone use general 0.42 426 pre 0.89 0.83 77 26.74 2.06 3.2 online
Elhai et al., (2020) smartphone use Student 0.40 1,097 post 0.89 0.89 81.9 19.38 6.23 4.68 online
O’Connell, (2020) smartphone use Student 0.43 253 Blank 0.88 0.87 61 22.68 4.68 5.1 online
Reer, Tang, and Quandt (2019) social media use general 0.30 1,865 pre 0.81 0.87 51.5 27.65 3.84 5.22 online
Tsai et al., (2019) social media use general 0.19 187 pre 0.85 0.88 36 45.37 4.74 3.99 online
Oberst, Wegmann, Stodt, Brand, and Chamarro (2017) social media use general 0.46 1,468 Blank 0.79 0.83 74.31 16.59 6.63 4.26 online
Kacker and Saurav (2020) social media use general 0.12 600 Blank 0.85 0.83 44.83 22.68 2.52 6.6 N.S
Shen, Zhang, and Xin (2020) social media use Student 0.43 399 pre 0.7 0.63 56.64 20.4 6.59 6.54 online
Sindermann, Yang, Liu, Elhai, and Montag (2021) social media use Student 0.51 377 post 0.93 0.85 75.86 21.64 5.38 6.04 online
Hamutoglu, Topal, and Gezgin (2020) social media use Student 0.48 845 Blank 0.85 0.83 50 22.68 7.11 5.81 N.S
Wang et al., (2018) social media use Student 0.37 832 pre 0.78 0.8 48 16.43 4.74 5.74 in-person
Yin et al., (2021) social media use Student 0.41 704 pre 0.87 0.75 57.2 16.8 5.26 5.64 in-person
Classen et al., (2020) social media use general 0.33 218 Blank 0.8 0.8 73.85 22.68 6.86 5.4 online
Luo and Liang (2018) social media use Student 0.27 68 pre 0.85 0.88 73.5 21.1 4.74 5.1 in-person
Pontes e al., (2018) social media use general 0.68 511 pre 0.86 0.91 64.6 22.68 4.74 4.9 online
Blackwell et al., (2017) social media use general 0.46 207 pre 0.85 0.91 74.87 22.15 4.74 4.89 online
Lai, Altavilla, Ronconi, and Aceto (2016) social media use general 0.60 20 pre 0.85 0.87 45 24.1 4.74 4.89 in-person
Tomczyk & Lizde, (2018) social media use Student 0.50 717 pre 0.85 0.83 47 13 4.74 4.89 in-person
Munawaroh et al., (2020) social media use Student 0.57 106 post 0.85 0.83 100 22.68 4.74 4.89 online
Liu and Ma (2019) social media use Student 0.56 463 Blank 0.94 0.83 74.29 19.94 4.74 4.89 N.S
Alt, (2015) social media use Student 0.54 296 pre 0.84 0.83 85.3 25.4 2.26 4.61 in-person
Rozgonjuk, Sindermann, Elhai, and Montag (2020) social media use general 0.47 748 Blank 0.9 0.77 55.08 38.63 3.72 4.59 online
Tunc-Aksan and Akbay (2019) social media use Student 0.43 296 Blank 0.74 0.81 45.94 22.68 2.54 4.56 in-person
Fabris, Marengo, Longobardi, and Settanni (2020) social media use Student 0.48 472 post 0.73 0.81 50 13.49 4.24 4.51 in-person
Fuster et al., (2017) social media use general 0.378 5,280 pre 0.81 0.85 76.18 15.47 2.02 4.48 online
Casale, Rugai, and Fioravanti (2018) social media use Student 0.45 579 pre 0.82 0.81 54.6 22.39 3.98 4.43 in-person
Barry and Wong (2020) social media use general 0.33 419 pre 0.86 0.88 75.89 30.29 4.74 4.26 online
Sha et al., (2019) social media use general 0.39 2,299 pre 0.88 0.76 39.19 30.33 3.6 4.06 online
Liu and Ma (2020) social media use Student 0.40 465 Blank 0.94 0.85 69.24 18.83 5.31 4.03 N.S
Przybylski et al., (2013) social media use general 0.40 2079 pre 0.82 0.9 49.97 43.21 2.07 3.78 online
Wegmann et al., (2017) social media use general 0.20 270 pre 0.83 0.82 70.37 23.43 4.17 4.86 online
McAndrew (2018) social media use Student 0.41 198 pre 0.82 0.87 86 19 5.86 5.04 online
Tang et al., (2020) Internet use Student 0.75 290 post 0.86 0.74 59.3 22.68 5.5 4.94 online
Alt and Boniel-Nissim (2018a, 2018b) Internet use Student 0.32 216 pre 0.8 0.82 49 22.68 4.4 5.64 N.S
Metin-Orta, (2020) Internet use Student 0.33 322 Blank 0.9 0.76 61.49 22.16 2.89 5.42 N.S
Reyes et al., (2018) Internet use general 0.57 1,060 pre 0.93 0.85 60.94 25.22 3.76 4.75 in-person
Kargın, Türkben Polat, & Coşkun Şimşek (2020) Internet use Student 0.33 511 post 0.85 0.83 72.6 22.68 4.74 4.65 N.S
Aygar et al., (2019) Internet use Student 0.42 463 pre 0.85 0.83 45.1 21 3.95 4.47 N.S
Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2016) Internet use general 0.58 251 pre 0.89 0.9 63.04 27.7 3.31 4.38 online
Cabrera, Andal, Delariarte, Kallarackal, and Tanganco (2019) Internet use Student 0.53 254 Blank 0.85 0.83 62.6 22.4 4.46 3.54 in-person
Sela, Zach, Amichay-Hamburger, Mishali, and Omer (2020) Internet use Student 0.38 85 pre 0.86 0.87 41 14.04 5.07 4.88 online
Rahardjo and Mulyani (2020) Instagram use general 0.65 259 Blank 0.91 0.83 68.3 18.85 5.62 7.22 online
Sheldon et al., (2021) Instagram use Student 0.43 337 pre 0.85 0.87 57.27 23.35 4.52 4.7 online
Balta et al., (2020) Instagram use general 0.38 423 Blank 0.89 0.78 53 17.15 4.97 5.25 online
Li et al., (2020) Social media use- frequency student 0.20 2,017 Blank 0.74 0.81 50.47 20.1 4.13 online
Burnell et al., (2019) Social media use- frequency Student 0.17 717 pre 0.85 0.83 69 21.47 9.66 4.82 online
Hamutoglu et al., (2020) Social media use- frequency Student 0.23 845 Blank 0.85 0.83 50 22.68 1.32 5.81 N.S
Stead and Bibby (2017) Social media use- frequency Student 0.47 495 pre 0.89 0.84 69 20.62 4.9 4.91 online
Gezgin (2018) Social media use- frequency Student 0.43 161 pre 0.85 0.77 41.6 16.22 1.47 4.9 in-person
Bloemen and De Coninck (2020) Social media use- frequency Student 0.29 831 pre 0.85 0.7 35.9 15.94 4.74 4.89 online
*Gullu and Serin (2020) Social media use- frequency general 0.77 702 post 0.92 0.95 53 22.68 4.74 4.89 N.S
Barber and Santuzzi (2017) Social media use- frequency Student 0.30 241 pre 0.86 0.87 57.9 19.01 6.7 4.82 N.S
Reyes et al., (2018) Social media use- frequency general 0.41 1,060 pre 0.93 0.85 60.94 25.22 4.68 4.75 in-person
Wolniewicz et al., (2018) Social media use- frequency Student 0.12 299 pre 0.85 0.87 57.1 20 2.81 4.4 N.S
Rogers and Barber (2019) Social media use- frequency Student 0.21 97 pre 0.85 0.9 62 19.81 8.37 4.24 in-person
Buglass, Binder, Betts, and Underwood (2017) Social media use- frequency general 0.25 489 pre 0.85 0.88 47 20 5.08 4 N.S
Cabrera et al., (2019) Social media use- frequency Student 0.08 254 Blank 0.85 0.83 62.6 22.4 5.44 3.54 in-person
Elhai et al., (2016) Smartphone use- frequency general 0.04 308 pre 0.86 0.84 46.4 33.15 6.9 4.25 online
Wolniewicz et al., (2020) Smartphone use- frequency Student 0.18 297 pre 0.74 0.87 72.1 19.7 7.51 4.68 online
Elhai et al., (2018) Smartphone use- frequency Student 0.13 296 pre 0.76 0.9 76.7 19.44 7.31 4.8 online
Elhai et al., (2020) Smartphone use- frequency Student 0.20 1,034 pre 0.82 0.81 65.3 19.34 7.63 5.18 online
Schneider and Hitzfeld (2019) Internet use- frequency general 0.54 278 Blank 0.9 0.8 74 26.78 4.96 6.54 online
Traş and Öztemel (2019) Internet use- frequency Student 0.22 608 pre 0.85 0.83 71.87 21.34 4.74 5.57 in-person
Franchina, Vanden Abeele, Van Rooij, Lo Coco, and De Marez (2018) Facebook use Student 0.16 2,663 pre 0.82 0.83 57.1 14.87 4.88 6.22 in-person
Fang, Wang, Wen, and Zhou (2020) Facebook use Student 0.45 501 post 0.81 0.79 70.66 19.6 6.37 6.1 in-person
Uram and Skalski (2020) Facebook use general 0.43 309 post 0.86 0.89 59 25.11 4.82 5.57 online
Traş and Öztemel (2019) Facebook use Student 0.15 608 pre 0.85 0.83 71.87 21.34 4.74 5.57 in-person
Beyens, Frison, and Eggermont (2016) Facebook use Student 0.50 402 pre 0.78 0.84 57 16.41 4.74 5 in-person
Riordan et al., (2020) Facebook use Student 0.28 198 pre 0.85 0.83 80.8 19.7 4.74 4.89 online
Sheldon et al., (2021) Facebook use Student 0.39 337 pre 0.85 0.87 57.27 23.35 3.82 4.7 online
Błachnio and Przepiórka (2018) Facebook use general 0.45 360 pre 0.87 0.78 64 22.22 4.1 4.6 online
Can and Satici (2019) Facebook use general 0.43 371 pre 0.93 0.78 59.83 33.65 3.47 4.58 online
Sha et al., (2019) Facebook use general 0.31 2,299 pre 0.9 0.76 39.19 30.33 2.68 4.06 online
Dempsey et al., (2019) Facebook use Student 0.25 291 pre 0.85 0.87 57.6 20.03 2.54 4.41 online
Reer et al., (2019) Age general −0.15 1,865 pre 0.81 0.87 51.5 27.65 3.84 5.22 online
Wolniewicz et al., (2020) Age Student −0.16 297 pre 0.74 0.87 72.1 19.7 7.51 4.68 online
Elhai et al., (2018) Age Student −0.16 296 pre 0.93 0.9 76.7 19.44 4.72 4.8 online
Tsai et al., (2019) Age general −0.44 187 pre 0.85 0.88 36 45.37 4.74 3.99 online
Schneider and Hitzfeld (2019) Age general −0.41 278 Blank 0.9 0.8 74 26.78 4.96 6.54 online
Wang et al., (2018) Age Student −0.05 832 pre 0.78 0.8 48 16.43 4.74 5.74 in-person
Classen et al., (2020) Age general 0.05 218 Blank 0.8 0.8 73.85 22.68 6.86 5.4 online
Stead and Bibby (2017) Age Student −0.13 495 pre 0.89 0.84 69 20.62 4.9 4.91 online
Rozgonjuk et al., (2020) Age general −0.32 748 Blank 0.9 0.77 55.08 38.63 3.72 4.59 online
Fabris et al., (2020) Age Student 0.03 472 post 0.73 0.81 50 13.49 4.24 4.51 in-person
Fuster et al., (2017) Age general −0.08 5,280 pre 0.81 0.85 76.18 15.47 2.02 4.48 online
Sha et al., (2019) Age general −0.31 2,299 pre 0.9 0.76 39.19 30.33 2.68 4.06 online
Przybylski et al., (2013) Age general −0.37 2,079 pre 0.82 0.9 49.97 43.21 2.07 3.78 online
Elhai et al., (2020) Age Student −0.01 1,097 post 0.89 0.89 81.9 19.38 6.23 4.68 online