Table 3.
Results of multiple-group structural equation modeling across sex
| χ 2 | df | CFI | RMSEA | ΔCFI |
ΔRMS
EA |
Δχ 2 | Δdf | P-value | |
| Unconstrained model | 1837.43 | 415 | 0.92 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Constrained model | |||||||||
| Model 1 (COVID-19 to SS) | 1838.52 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.08 | 1 | 0.298 |
| Model 2 (COVID-19 to AS) | 1842.05 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.62 | 1 | 0.032 |
| Model 3 (COVID-19 to MER) | 1840.27 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.84 | 1 | 0.092 |
| Model 4 (SS to Depression) | 1844.78 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.34 | 1 | 0.007 |
| Model 5 (AS to Depression) | 1841.77 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.33 | 1 | 0.037 |
| Model 6 (MER to Depression) | 1837.78 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 1 | 0.556 |
| Model 7 (SS to IGD) | 1839.96 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.53 | 1 | 0.112 |
| Model 8 (AS to IGD) | 1837.61 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 1 | 0.668 |
| Model 9 (MER to IGD) | 1840.42 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.99 | 1 | 0.084 |
| Model 10 (COVID-19 to depression) | 1838.35 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.92 | 1 | 0.338 |
| Model 11 (COVID-19 to IGD) | 1837.75 | 416 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 1 | 0.571 |
Abbreviations: COVID-19 = Schooling and online learning-related stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic; SS = social support; AS = academic stress; MER = maladaptive emotion regulation; IGD = Internet gaming disorder. p values <0.05 are presented in bold.
The specific path in parentheses was constrained to be equal across sex groups for each tested model.