TABLE 3.
Some recent examples (2020–2021) of first generation CDNSs applications in pharmaceuticals.
| Nanosponge | Drug | Application | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|
| α-, βCD:CDI Matencio et al. (2020a) | Oxyresveratrol | Anticancer drug delivery | Strong cell viability inhibition for HT-29 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines |
| βCD:PMA; βCD:DPC Suvarna et al. (2021) | Irbesartan | Solubility enhancement | PMA crosslinker enhanced the drug solubility (81.86 folds) and drug release to a greater extent than DPC crosslinker; encapsulation efficiency up to 38% |
| βCD:PMA Appleton et al. (2020) | Insulin | Protein delivery | Loading capability 14%; encapsulation efficiency >90%; In vitro release of insulin negligible at a gastric pH (<2%) and sustained at intestinal pH |
| HPβCD + βCD:CDI Pawar and Shende (2020b) | Artemether Lumefantrine | Drug delivery | Entrapment efficiencies of 70.6% for artemether and 88.3% for lumefantrine; In-vitro release study showed controlled-release of actives up to 24 h; In vitro antimalarial study showed significant action towards RKL-9 strains in comparison to MRC-2 strains |
| βCD:DPC Kumar et al. (2021) | Clobetasol propionate | Topical delivery | Drug release 86.25%; Appreciable anti-psoriatic activity and alleviated severity of side effects |
| βCD:DPC Gupta et al. (2021) | Sesamol | Photostability enhancement | Encapsulation efficiency 90.66%; Enhancement of stability, while retaining antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase potential |
| βCD:DPC Amin et al. (2020) | Febuxostat | Oral bioavailability enhancement | ≥30% release at first hour followed by controlled release (≥75%) at 6 h |
| βCD:DMC Moin et al. (2020) | Paracetamol + aceclofenac + caffeine | Solubility/combination therapy enhancement | In vitro studies indicate rapid dissolution compared to pure drugs; Formulation stable up to 45 days |
| βCD:CDI Srivastava et al. (2021) | Econazole nitrate | Topical delivery | Entrapment efficiency 70.13%; nanogel was able to impede the fungal growth both in vitro and in vivo |
| βCD:CDI Yaşayan et al. (2020) | Sulfamethoxazole | Solubility enhancement | Improved solubility up to 30-fold |
| βCD:PMA Clemente et al. (2020) | ICOS-Fc | Cancer therapy | In vivo experiments showed that treatment of C57BL6/J mice with ICOS-Fc a loaded in CDNPs inhibits the growth of subcutaneous B16-F10 tumors |
| βCD:CDI Allahyari et al. (2021) | flutamide | Anticancer drug delivery | Increased dissolution rate, sustained release and considerable uptake into PC3 cell line was observed |
| βCD:CDI Allahyari et al. (2020) | Bortezomib | Anticancer drug delivery | Uptake of 93.9% in 3 h against MCF-7 cell line; Higher IC50 in comparison with the plain drug |
| βCD:PMA Argenziano et al. (2020b) | Doxorubicin | Cancer therapy | Higher accumulation in the tumor and neoplastic cells; Reduced cardiotoxicity |
| βCD:DPC Rezaei et al. (2021) | Thyme essential oil | Solubility and volatility reduction enhancement | Increased antibacterial activity; Aqueous solubility enhanced 15-folds; Minimum inhibitory concentration decreased up to 29.4 fold after encapsulation |
| βCD:DPC Salehi et al. (2021) | Limonene essential oil | Solubility and volatility reduction enhancement | Enhanced solubility and thermal stability; Higher antibacterial activity; Minimum inhibitory decreased after encapsulation |
| βCD:DMC Iriventi et al. (2020) | curcumin + caffeine | Topical delivery | 69.72% in vitro drug release; Promising anti-psoriatic activity |
a
ICOS-Fc: soluble recombinant form of inducible T-cell costimulatory.