TABLE 1.
General characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Total participants |
COPD exacerbation |
||||
| COPD | Control | Standardized difference | Exacerbated COPD | Non-exacerbated COPD | Standardized difference | |
| Age (years), n (%) | 0.00 | 0.41 | ||||
| 40–44 | 302 (1.1) | 1,208 (1.1) | 9 (0.2) | 24 (0.1) | ||
| 45–49 | 1,555 (5.8) | 6,220 (5.8) | 65 (1.3) | 476 (2.2) | ||
| 50–54 | 2,912 (10.8) | 11,648 (10.8) | 207 (4.2) | 1,934 (8.8) | ||
| 55–59 | 3,758 (14.0) | 15,032 (14.0) | 353 (7.2) | 3,047 (13.9) | ||
| 60–64 | 4,429 (16.5) | 17,716 (16.5) | 574 (11.7) | 3,375 (15.4) | ||
| 65–69 | 5,259 (19.6) | 21,036 (19.6) | 793 (16.2) | 3,959 (18.0) | ||
| 70–74 | 4,751 (17.7) | 19,004 (17.7) | 1,105 (22.6) | 4,168 (19.0) | ||
| 75–79 | 2,864 (10.7) | 11,456 (10.7) | 1,039 (21.2) | 3,127 (14.2) | ||
| 80–84 | 927 (3.5) | 3,708 (3.5) | 583 (11.9) | 1,431 (6.5) | ||
| 85 + | 118 (0.4) | 472 (0.4) | 168 (3.4) | 438 (2.0) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.00 | |||||
| Male | 15,126 (56.3) | 60,504 (56.3) | 3,440 (70.3) | 11,686 (53.2) | 0.36 | |
| Female | 11,749 (43.7) | 46,996 (43.7) | 1,456 (29.7) | 10,293 (46.8) | ||
| Income, n (%) | 0.00 | 0.09 | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 5,097 (19.0) | 20,388 (19.0) | 1,061 (21.7) | 4,121 (18.8) | ||
| 2 | 3,907 (14.5) | 15,628 (14.5) | 709 (14.5) | 2,998 (13.6) | ||
| 3 | 4,423 (16.5) | 17,692 (16.5) | 752 (15.4) | 3,440 (15.7) | ||
| 4 | 5,615 (20.9) | 22,460 (20.9) | 963 (19.7) | 4,515 (20.5) | ||
| 5 (highest) | 7,833 (29.2) | 31,332 (29.2) | 1,411 (28.8) | 6,905 (31.4) | ||
| Region of residence, n (%) | 0.00 | 0.21 | ||||
| Urban | 10,201 (38.0) | 40,804 (38.0) | 1,423 (29.1) | 8,559 (38.9) | ||
| Rural | 16,674 (62.0) | 66,696 (62.0) | 3,473 (70.9) | 13,420 (61.1) | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 199.2 (38.6) | 197.4 (39.2) | 0.05 | 192.9 (41.1) | 198.4 (38.7) | 0.14 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 129.6 (17.9) | 128.1 (17.5) | 0.08 | 129.7 (18.4) | 127.8 (17.3) | 0.10 |
| DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 79.5 (11.1) | 78.7 (10.8) | 0.08 | 79.2 (11.2) | 78.6 (10.7) | 0.05 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 102.2 (33.6) | 99.8 (30.5) | 0.07 | 100.2 (31.3) | 99.8 (30.3) | 0.01 |
| Obesity†, n (%) | 0.13 | 0.36 | ||||
| Underweight | 1,237 (4.6) | 2,777 (2.6) | 487 (10.0) | 750 (3.4) | ||
| Normal | 9,853 (36.7) | 38,188 (35.5) | 2,135 (43.6) | 7,718 (35.1) | ||
| Overweight | 6,577 (24.5) | 29,456 (27.4) | 1,013 (20.7) | 5,564 (25.3) | ||
| Obese I | 8,327 (31.0) | 34,087 (31.7) | 1,132 (23.1) | 7,195 (32.7) | ||
| Obese II | 881 (3.3) | 2,992 (2.8) | 129 (2.6) | 752 (3.4) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.16 | 0.28 | ||||
| Non-smoker | 17,741 (66.0) | 77,066 (71.7) | 2,711 (55.4) | 15,030 (68.4) | ||
| Past smoker | 2,838 (10.6) | 12,290 (11.4) | 572 (11.7) | 2,266 (10.3) | ||
| Current smoker | 6,296 (23.4) | 18,144 (16.9) | 1,613 (33.0) | 4,683 (21.3) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.03 | 0.05 | ||||
| <1 time a week | 19,169 (71.3) | 75,384 (70.1) | 3,396 (69.4) | 15,773 (71.8) | ||
| ≥1 time a week | 7,706 (28.7) | 32,116 (29.9) | 1,500 (30.6) | 6,206 (28.2) | ||
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 6,395 (23.8) | 24,119 (22.4) | 0.03 | 851 (17.4) | 5,544 (25.2) | 0.19 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 16,322 (60.7) | 16,308 (15.2) | 1.06 | 3,642 (74.4) | 12,680 (57.7) | 0.36 |
| CCI score, n (%) | 0.18 | 0.58 | ||||
| 0 | 15,410 (57.3) | 71,046 (66.1) | 1,740 (35.5) | 13,670 (62.2) | ||
| 1 | 4,512 (16.8) | 14,996 (14.0) | 973 (19.9) | 3,539 (16.1) | ||
| ≥2 | 6,953 (25.9) | 21,458 (20.0) | 2,183 (44.6) | 4,770 (21.7) | ||
| Date of statin prescription (day), mean (SD) | 54.0 (161.4) | 52.8 (161.8) | 0.01 | 71.8 (188.5) | 108.4 (226.1) | 0.18 |
| Date of hydrophilic statin prescription | 9.1 (68.2) | 8.7 (66.6) | 0.01 | 14.8 (88.6) | 18.8 (98.9) | 0.04 |
| Date of lipophilic statin prescription | 44.9 (145.7) | 44.1 (146.7) | 0.01 | 57.0 (166.5) | 89.5 (205.6) | 0.17 |
CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.
†Obesity was categorized as a body mass index (kg/m2) <18.5 (underweight), ≥18.5–<23 (normal), ≥23–<25 (overweight), ≥25–<30 (obese I), and ≥30 (obese II).