TABLE 1.

Summary of targets for natural products and their isolated compounds or extracts to exert anti-tubulointerstitial fibrosis effects through TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.

Name	Compounds or extracts	Targets	References
Radix astragali	Astragalus injection	TGF-β1, TGFβRΙ, p-Smad3 and Smad7	Nie et al. (2014)
	Astragaloside IV	TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3 and Smad7	Wang et al. (2014)
	Astragalus polysaccharides	TGF-β1 and Smad3	Meng et al. (2020)
Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae	Ethanol extracts	TGF-β, TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad7	Cai et al. (2018)
	water extracts	TGF-β, TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII, Smad2 and Smad3	Cai et al. (2018)
	Salvianolic acid A	TGF-β1 and Smad3	Ma et al. (2016)
	Salvianolic acid B	TGF-β1, TGFβRII, p-Smad2 and Smad7	Tang et al. (2014); Zhang et al. (2019a)
	Protocatechualdehyde	Smad3 and Smad3-dependent lncRNA9884	Yang and Wu, (2021)
	Tanshinone IIA	p-Smad2/3	Tang et al. (2008)
Poria cocos	Poricoic acid ZA	p-Smad2/3	Li et al. (2017)
	Poricoic acid ZG and Poricoic acid ZH	p-Smad3	Wang et al. (2018a)
	Poricoic acid ZC, poricoic acid ZD and poricoic acid ZE	p-Smad3 and Smad3	Wang et al. (2018b)
	Poricoic acid A	Smad3	Chen et al. (2019e)
Rhubarb	Rhubarb extracts	TGF-β1, TGFβRI, TGFβRII, Smad2, p-Smad2, Smad3, p-Smad3, Smad4 and Smad7	Zhang et al. (2018)
	Chrysophanol	TGF-β1, p-Smad3, and Smad7	Dou et al. (2020)
	Emodin	TGF-β1 and Smad7	Ma et al. (2018a)
	Rhein	TGF-β1	Guo et al. (2001)
Scutellaria baicalensis	Baicalin	TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3	(Hu et al., 2017; Zheng et al., 2017)
	Baicalein	TGF-β1 and p-Smad3	Hu et al. (2017)
	Wogonin	p-Smad3	Meng et al. (2016a)
Alismatis rhizome	25-O-methylalisol F	p-Smad3 and Smad7	Chen et al. (2018d)
Tripterygium wilfordii	Triptolide	TGF-β1, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3	(Cao et al., 2015; Sun et al., 2018a)
	Multi-glycoside	TGF-β1, Smad3 p-Smad2/3 and Smad7	Wan et al. (2014)
	Celastrol	Smad3	Tang et al. (2018)