Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted mixed effect models of cognitive function trajectories with age (N = 10,548).
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Linear and Quadratic Age | ||||
| Age | 0.05**(0.01,0.08) | 0.05**(0.02,0.09) | 0.07***(0.03,0.10) | 0.09***(0.05,0.13) |
| Age2 | −0.013***(-0.015,-0.012) | −0.013***(-0.015,-0.012) | −0.013***(-0.014,-0.012) | −0.014***(-0.015,-0.012) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| NL-White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| NL-Black | −2.63***(-3.08,-2.17) | −2.60***(-3.05,-2.14) | −1.31***(-1.74,-0.89) | −0.82**(-1.38,-0.26) |
| Latino | −2.84***(-3.66,-2.03) | −2.81***(-3.62,-1.99) | −0.83*(-1.58,-0.07) | −0.06(-1.07,0.96) |
| NL-White*age | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| NL-Black*age | −0.10*(-0.17,-0.01) | −0.09*(-0.17,-0.02) | −0.08*(-0.15,-0.01) | −0.08*(-0.15,-0.01) |
| Latino*age | −0.23**(-0.38,-0.08) | −0.23**(-0.38,-0.08) | −0.20**(-0.34,-0.05) | −0.19**(-0.34,-0.05) |
| NL-White*age2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| NL-Black*age2 | 0.0027(-0.0001,0.0056) | 0.0027(-0.0002,0.0055) | 0.0025(-0.0003,0.0053) | 0.0025(-0.0003,0.0052) |
| Latino*age2 | 0.0066*(0.0008,0.0123) | 0.0067*(0.0010,0.0124) | 0.0057*(0.0001,0.0113) | 0.0057*(0.0001,0.0113) |
| Multimorbidity Group | ||||
| No Multimorbidity—Zero Disease | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| No Multimorbidity— One Disease | 0.06(-0.17,0.29) | 0.06(-0.16, 0.29) | 0.07(-0.15,0.29) | |
| Advanced Cardiovascular | −0.42**(-0.69,-0.14) | −0.29*(-0.55,-0.03) | −0.28*(-0.54,-0.01) | |
| Metabolic | −0.06(-0.36,0.23) | 0.02(-0.26,0.31) | 0.04(-0.24,0.32) | |
| Advanced Cardiovascular-Metabolic | −0.83***(-1.14,-0.52) | −0.58***(-0.88,-0.29) | −0.56***(-0.86,-0.27) | |
| Neither Advanced Cardiovascular Nor Metabolic | 0.37**(0.11,0.62) | 0.34**(0.10,0.58) | 0.35**(0.12,0.59) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.98***(0.82,1.15) | 1.16***(0.97,1.35) | ||
| Sex*Race | ||||
| Male*NL-White | Reference | |||
| Female*NL-Black | −0.41*(-0.80,-0.01) | |||
| Female*Latino | −1.13***(-1.79,-0.46) | |||
| Education | ||||
| High School/Certificates | Reference | Reference | ||
| <High School | −2.18***(-2.42,-1.94) | −2.15***(-2.46,-1.84) | ||
| Some College | 1.15***(0.91,1.39) | 1.18***(0.92,1.44) | ||
| ≥College Degree | 2.21***(2.02,2.41) | 2.39***(2.17,2.61) | ||
| Education*Race | ||||
| High School/Certificates*NL-White | Reference | |||
| <High School*NL-Black | −0.21(-0.74,0.32) | |||
| <High School*Latino | 0.001(-0.82,0.82) | |||
| Some College*NL-Black | −0.13(-0.75,0.51) | |||
| Some College*Latino | 0.14(-0.99,1.26) | |||
| ≥College Degree*NL-Black | −0.75**(-1.27,-0.23) | |||
| ≥College Degree*Latino | −1.12(-2.30,0.05) | |||
| Ever Medicaid | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | −1.71***(-1.95,-1.48) | −1.75***(-1.98,-1.51) | ||
| Coupled | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.18*(0.04,0.33) | 0.18*(0.04,0.33) | ||
| High WHtR | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.16(-0.001,0.31) | 0.17*(0.01,0.33) | ||
Abbreviations: IPW = inverse probability weight; NL = non-Latino; WHtR = waist-height ratio; MM = multimorbidity. Note: High WHtR ≥0.5.
Model 1: includes age (as time effect; linear and quadratic terms), race/ethnicity, and their interactions.
Model 2: Model 1 + multimorbidity group.
Model 3: Model 2 + sex, education, ever covered by Medicaid, coupled status, high WHR, entry cohort (not shown).
Model 4: Model 3 + sex*race, education*race, cohort*age, cohort*age2 (not shown).
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.