Table 12.
Coefficients for the conversion of raw products to their extracted materials (kg/kg). Factors are applied for all countries and held constant over time (except for metals where we consider temporal variations in ore grades, values given here are for 2016). If more than one raw material is used for the production of a raw product, conversion factors are provided for all individuals (left) as well as the sum (right) for all material components.
| Raw material | raw product-to-raw material | Raw product | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limestone | 1.25 | 1.45 | Cement | [74] |
| Clay | 0.20 | |||
| Crude oil | 1.00 | Bitumen | – | |
| Clay | 1.35 | Bricks | [74] | |
| Ind. roundwood overbark | 1.13 | Ind. roundwood underbark | [63,115] | |
| Iron ore | 1.89 | Iron & steel | [120] | |
| Bauxite | 2.26 | Aluminium | [120] | |
| Copper ore | 95.24 | Copper | [120] | |
| Lead ore | 16.95 | Lead | [120] | |
| Zinc ore | 10.21 | Zinc | [120] | |
| Other metal ores | 80.65 | Other metals | [120] | |
| Crude oil | 0.83 | 1.17 | Plastics | [47,77] |
| Natural gas | 0.34 | |||
| Industrial sand | 0.73 | 1.12 | Container/Flat glass | [74] |
| Soda ash | 0.22 | |||
| Limestone, dolomite and other | 0.17 | |||