Table 4.
Association between catastrophic total cost and the patients’ personal and demographic characteristics (n=151)
| Factor | Catastrophic total cost, n (%) |
χ2 | p-value | cOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=50) | No (n=101) | ||||||
| Age, yr | |||||||
| <40 | 27.0 (31.8) | 58.0 (68.2) | 0.2 | 0.690 | 0.9 (0.4–1.7) | - | |
| ≥40 (r)† | 23.0 (34.8) | 43.0 (65.2) | |||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 45.0 (49.5) | 46.0 (50.5) | 27.6 | <0.001* | 10.8 (3.9–29.4) | 1.4 (0.3–6.0) | |
| Female (r)† | 5.0 (8.3) | 55.0 (91.7) | |||||
| Education | |||||||
| Illiterate/read and write | 28.0 (32.2) | 59.0 (67.8) | 0.1 | 0.778 | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | ||
| Primary and above (r)† | 22.0 (34.4) | 42.0 (65.6) | |||||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Ever married | 33.0 (32.4) | 69.0 (67.6) | 0.1 | 0.775 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | ||
| Never married (r)† | 17.0 (34.7) | 32.0 (65.3) | |||||
| Residence | |||||||
| Rent | 31.0 (38.3) | 50.0 (49.5) | 2.1 | 0.147 | 1.7 (0.8–3.3) | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | |
| Own (r)† | 19.0 (27.1) | 51.0 (72.9) | |||||
| Poverty | |||||||
| Poor | 12.0 (36.4) | 21.0 (63.6) | 0.2 | 0.653 | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | ||
| Non-poor (r)† | 38.0 (32.2) | 80.0 (67.8) | |||||
| Household Crowding Index | |||||||
| >2 | 10.0 (55.6) | 8.0 (44.4) | 4.6 | 0.031* | 2.9 (1.1–7.9) | 1.1 (0.3–4.3) | |
| ≤2 (r)† | 40.0 (30.1) | 93.0 (69.9) | |||||
| Breadwinner | |||||||
| The patient | 47.0 (55.3) | 38.0 (44.7) | 43.2 | <0.001* | 25.9 (7.5–89.3) | 9.8 (1.9–49.7) | |
| Another family member (r)† | 3.0 (4.5) | 63.0 (95.5) | |||||
| TB type | |||||||
| Pulmonary | 39.0 (42.4) | 53.0 (57.6) | 9.2 | 0.002* | 3.2 (1.5–6.9) | 3.1 (0.9–10.7) | |
| Extra-pulmonary (r)† | 11.0 (18.6) | 48.0 (81.4) | |||||
| Diagnostic delay, day | |||||||
| >90 | 20.0 (37.7) | 33.0 (62.3) | 0.8 | 0.375 | 1.4 (0.7–2.8) | ||
| ≤90 (r)† | 30.0 (30.6) | 68.0 (69.4) | |||||
| Distance to chest dispensary, min | |||||||
| >30 | 13.0 (31.0) | 29.0 (69.0) | 0.1 | 0.726 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | ||
| ≤30 (r)† | 37.0 (33.9) | 72.0 (66.1) | |||||
| COVID lockdown | |||||||
| Early lockdown | 11.0 (44.0) | 14.0 (56.0) | 1.1 | 0.205 | 1.8 (0.7–4.2) | 7.0 (1.6–31.2) | |
| Pre-COVID era (r)† | 39.0 (31.0) | 87.0 (69.0) | |||||
*
Statistically significant at p<0.05.
†
Reference category.
cOR: crude odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; TB: tuberculosis.