Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics according to the presence of DPN
| Characteristic | Total (n=144) | DPN (–) (n=104) | Confirmed DPN (+) (n=40) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 59.4±8.9 | 60.4±8.8 | 57.1±8.9 | 0.046 |
| Male sex | 85 (59.0) | 53 (51.0) | 32 (80.0) | 0.002 |
| Height, cm | 162.7±8.4 | 161.0±8.4 | 167.2±7.0 | <0.001 |
| Body weight, kg | 67.5±11.5 | 67.1±10.7 | 68.7±13.4 | 0.458 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4±3.5 | 25.8±3.3 | 24.4±3.7 | 0.027 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 131.1±13.2 | 129.9±13.1 | 134.0±13.2 | 0.099 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 75.0±9.5 | 74.5±9.4 | 76.3±9.8 | 0.293 |
| Diabetes duration, yr | 9.5 (6.0–17.0) | 9.5 (6.0–17.0) | 9.5 (4.5–18.3) | 0.732 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 137 (116–156) | 137 (116–157) | 138 (109–154) | 0.940 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.1 (6.6–7.7) | 7.1 (6.6–7.5) | 7.1 (6.6–8.1) | 0.723 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 150 (133–171) | 152 (134–172) | 145 (128–168) | 0.168 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 111 (86–160) | 107 (86–155) | 130 (79–183) | 0.306 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 46.5 (40.0–55.0) | 48 (41–57) | 44 (36–51) | 0.007 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 87.8±23.6 | 88.2±23.2 | 86.9±24.9 | 0.774 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 96.6±22.2 | 99.0±21.9 | 90.4±21.9 | 0.037 |
| Hypertension | 81 (56.3) | 37 (48.7) | 17 (53.1) | 0.833 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 109 (75.7) | 56 (73.7) | 23 (71.9) | 0.999 |
| Insulin | 40 (27.8) | 14 (18.4) | 12 (37.5) | 0.048 |
| Metformin | 134 (93.1) | 68 (89.5) | 31 (96.9) | 0.276 |
| Sulfonylurea | 44 (30.6) | 24 (31.6) | 10 (31.3) | 0.999 |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 77 (53.5) | 40 (52.6) | 18 (56.3) | 0.833 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitor | 22 (15.3) | 8 (10.5) | 2 (6.3) | 0.720 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 19 (13.2) | 8 (10.5) | 3 (9.4) | 0.999 |
| Medications for DPN | ||||
| Pregabalin | 29 (20.1) | 18 (17.3) | 11 (27.5) | 0.245 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant | 3 (2.1) | 3 (2.9) | 0 | 0.560 |
| Duloxetine | 4 (2.8) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (2.5) | 0.999 |
| Alpha-lipoic acid | 14 (9.7) | 8 (7.7) | 6 (15.0) | 0.213 |
| Smoking | 0.856 | |||
| Never | 67 (46.5) | 35 (46.1) | 13 (40.6) | |
| Former | 49 (34.0) | 27 (35.5) | 12 (37.5) | |
| Current | 28 (19.4) | 14 (18.4) | 7 (21.9) | |
| Alcohol intake | 0.495 | |||
| None | 67 (46.5) | 34 (44.7) | 16 (50.0) | |
| Moderate | 72 (50.0) | 39 (51.3) | 16 (50.0) | |
| High | 5 (3.5) | 3 (3.9) | 0 | |
| Physically active | 95 (66.0) | 52 (68.4) | 19 (59.4) | 0.383 |
| MNSI-PE score | 2.3 (1.0–4.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 3.0 (1.6–3.5) | 0.117 |
| MNSI-Q score | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–5) | 0.003 |
| 10-g monofilament (score) | 9 (9–10) | 10 (9–10) | 9 (7–10) | <0.001 |
| Feet ESC, μS | 61.0 (48.0–70.0) | 62.0 (53.5–71.0) | 51.5 (29.8–67.8) | 0.002 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range). The P values were derived from the Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, or chi-square test.
DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SGLT-2, sodium glucose cotransporter‐2; MNSI-PE, Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Physical Examination; MNSI-Q, MNSI Questionnaire; ESC, electrochemical skin conductance.