Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants according to patterns of physical activity
| Characteristic | Total | Continuity of physical activity |
P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuously physically inactive | Physically active to inactive | Physically inactive to active | Continuously physically active | ||||
| Number | 132,418 | 85,733 | 14,259 | 20,986 | 11,440 | ||
| Age, yr | 57.7±9.58 | 57.54±9.79 | 59.03±9.3 | 57.15±9.11 | 58.2±8.98 | <0.0001 | |
| Male sex | 84,504 (63.8) | 52,586 (61.3) | 9,289 (65.1) | 14,144 (67.4) | 8,485 (74.2) | <0.0001 | |
| Smoking status | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 68,930 (52.1) | 45,522 (53.1) | 7,675 (53.8) | 10,416 (49.6) | 5,317 (46.5) | ||
| Former smoker | 31,019 (23.4) | 17,866 (20.8) | 3,433 (24.1) | 5,908 (28.2) | 3,812 (33.3) | ||
| Current smoker | 32,469 (24.5) | 22,345 (26.1) | 3,151 (22.1) | 4,662 (22.2) | 2,311 (20.2) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Never | 71,159 (53.7) | 47,205 (55.1) | 7,741 (54.3) | 10,903 (52.0) | 5,310 (46.4) | ||
| Mild (<30 g/day) | 48,761 (36.8) | 30,371 (35.4) | 5,263 (36.9) | 8,209 (39.1) | 4,918 (43.0) | ||
| Heavy (≥30 g/day) | 12,498 (9.4) | 8,157 (9.5) | 1,255 (8.8) | 1,874 (8.9) | 1,212 (10.6) | ||
| Household incomea | 33,030 (24.9) | 21,808 (25.4) | 3,640 (25.5) | 5,056 (24.1) | 2,526 (22.1) | <0.0001 | |
| Residential area (urban) | 59,136 (44.7) | 36,939 (43.1) | 6,559 (46.0) | 9,935 (47.4) | 5,703 (49.9) | <0.0001 | |
| CKD | 7,986 (6.0) | 5,212 (6.1) | 958 (6.7) | 1,143 (5.5) | 673 (5.9) | <0.0001 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 68,022 (51.4) | 44,649 (52.1) | 7,304 (51.2) | 10,472 (50.0) | 5,597 (48.9) | <0.0001 | |
| Hypertension | 74,235 (56.1) | 48,081 (56.1) | 8,366 (58.7) | 11,322 (54.0) | 6,466 (56.5) | <0.0001 | |
| Strokeb | 1,465 (1.1) | 923 (1.1) | 168 (1.2) | 245 (1.2) | 129 (1.1) | 0.5459 | |
| MIc | 1,851 (1.4) | 1,199 (1.4) | 188 (1.3) | 303 (1.4) | 161 (1.4) | 0.8057 | |
| CVDd | 3,249 (2.5) | 2,080 (2.4) | 346 (2.4) | 541 (2.6) | 282 (2.5) | 0.6425 | |
| No. of oral antidiabetic drugse | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 1 | 54,362 (41.1) | 34,381 (40.1) | 6,031 (42.3) | 8,760 (41.7) | 5,190 (45.4) | ||
| 2 | 58,579 (44.2) | 38,315 (44.7) | 6,194 (43.4) | 9,204 (43.9) | 4,866 (42.5) | ||
| ≥3 | 19,477 (14.7) | 13,037 (15.2) | 2,034 (14.3) | 3,022 (14.4) | 1,384 (12.1) | ||
| Use of insulinf | 10,514 (7.9) | 6,849 (8.0) | 1,160 (8.1) | 1,701 (8.1) | 804 (7.0) | 0.0002 | |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 163.9±43.32 | 164.8±44.01 | 160.9±40.76 | 164.5±43.78 | 159.7±39.76 | <0.0001 | |
| Body weight, kg | 68.6±11.16 | 68.4±11.34 | 68.4±10.88 | 69.1±10.89 | 69.5±10.47 | <0.0001 | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.7±8.3 | 85.9±8.42 | 85.7±8.25 | 85.1±8.08 | 85.1±7.79 | <0.0001 | |
| Abdominal obesityg | 61,716 (46.6) | 42,004 (49.0) | 6,588 (46.2) | 8,773 (41.8) | 4,351 (38.0) | <0.0001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.6±3.18 | 25.7±3.26 | 25.5±3.09 | 25.6±3.08 | 25.4±2.92 | <0.0001 | |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 67,116 (50.7) | 44,403 (51.8) | 7,081 (49.7) | 10,225 (48.7) | 5,407 (47.3) | <0.0001 | |
| SBP, mm Hg | 129.9±15.46 | 129.8±15.61 | 129.9±15.27 | 129.9±15.29 | 130.1±14.85 | 0.2447 | |
| DBP, mm Hg | 80.7±10.13 | 80.7±10.2 | 80.4±9.97 | 80.8±10.09 | 80.7±9.86 | 0.0004 | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 213.8±41.66 | 214.6±41.95 | 211.3±40.99 | 214.1±41.39 | 210.3±40.49 | <0.0001 | |
| ALTh, IU/L | 27.8 (27.8–27.9) | 28.1 (28.0–28.2) | 27.9 (27.7–28.2) | 27.0 (26.8–27.2) | 27.1 (26.8–27.3) | <0.0001 | |
| ASTh, IU/L | 27.2 (27.1–27.2) | 27.2 (27.1–27.3) | 27.3 (27.2–27.5) | 26.7 (26.6–26.9) | 27.2 (27.0–27.4) | <0.0001 | |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
CKD, chronic kidney disease; MI, myocardial infarction; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase.
Low 20% and recipient of medical aid,
Stroke was defined by the presence of International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, clinical modification (ICD-10-CM) codes I63 and I64 as well as a history of hospitalization with claims for brain magnetic resonance imaging or brain computed tomography,
MI was defined as hospitalization with the diagnostic codes of I21 and I22,
CVD included myocardial infarction and stroke,
Within 1 year before the index date,
Waist circumference: male ≥90 cm, female ≥85 cm,
Geometric mean.