Table 2.
Risk for heart failure according to study participants’ physical activity profile during follow-up
| Variable | Number | CHF | Duration | IR (1,000 person-years) | HR (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||
| Regular exercisea | |||||||||
| No | 99,992 | 1,072 | 481,952.14 | 2.2 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 32,426 | 249 | 157,358.01 | 1.6 | 0.77 (0.67–0.89) | 0.78 (0.68–0.89) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | |
| Intensity of exercise | |||||||||
| Vigorousb | |||||||||
| No | 105,262 | 1,119 | 507,567.75 | 2.2 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 27,156 | 202 | 131,742.41 | 1.5 | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) | 0.81 (0.70–0.95) | |
| Moderatec | |||||||||
| No | 118,265 | 1,204 | 570,540.71 | 2.1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 14,153 | 117 | 68,769.44 | 1.7 | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | |
| Walkingd | |||||||||
| No | 92,554 | 947 | 446,895.47 | 2.1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 39,864 | 374 | 192,414.68 | 1.9 | 0.81 (0.71–0.91) | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.83 (0.73–0.93) | 0.83 (0.73–0.93) | |
Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex; Model 2: Adjusted model 1+current smoking, alcohol, and income; Model 3: Adjusted model 2+body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI); Model 4: Adjusted model 2+waist circumference, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CKD, stroke, MI, and fasting blood glucose.
CHF, congestive heart failure; IR, incidence rate; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Regular exercise was defined as performing at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity at least five times per week or at least 20 minutes of strenuous physical activity at least three times per week. Each participant was asked to report their weekly physical activity levels according to three categories: vigorous, moderate, and walking,
Vigorous intensity was defined as at least 20 minutes of exercise per day (e.g., running, aerobic, or fast cycling at least three times per week),
Moderate intensity was defined as at least 30 minutes of exercise per day (e.g., brisk walking, bicycling at a usual speed, or gardening at least five times per week),
Walking was defined as usual-pace walking for at least 10 minutes at a time.