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Biological mechanisms of sulforaphane. ARE, antioxidant response element; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GCL, glutamate cysteine ligase; HO1, haem oxygenase 1; IκB, inhibitor of NF-κB; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.
