Fig. 4.

Morphospace and feature spaces mapped on the morphospace of a theoretical morphological model of Nymphaea flower. A. Morphospace of the theoretical morphological model. Each parameter regulates the gradual change of transverse or longitudinal length of the tepal. B. Feature spaces mapped on the morphospace. The convexity, which is the ratio of perimeter lengths of the convex hull over that of a silhouette of the theoretical morphological model, and the solidity, which is the ratio of areas of the silhouette of the model over that of the convex hull, are displayed. The upper two spaces were calculated for the top-viewed silhouette of the model and the lower spaces were calculated for the side-viewed silhouette. Each feature index showed a different pattern for the change of parameters, therefore, it suggests the “trade-off” involved in designing floral morphology via selective breeding. This figure was created based on partially modified Figs. 3 and 5 in Kirie et al. (2020) (Licensed under CC-BY 4.0).