Table 2.

Themes from observations and semistructured interviews during the research stage of the human-centered design studio.

Theme	Examples of observations	Examples of interview quotations
Emergency Medicine clinicians value postencounter outcomes–driven feedback.	Physician writes down patient’s phone number and reports they do this when they want feedback about that patient’s outcome. Physician gives their personal telephone number to older patients to enable closed-loop feedback.	…I wish there was a way they could contact me and say, ‘I’m not improving, I’m going to see my primary care provider.’ …Post encounter feedback is crucial. (About patient outcome follow-up) …It’s sort of like a vitamin that I have to take every day for my health. It’s something that will make me a better doctor in the long run.
Existing systems for delivery of information about patient outcomes are severely limited.	Physician pulls out the list of patients they keep track of from their pocket. Says they are only able to track a couple of patients in each shift.	…If patients are not put on a list in (the electronic health record) they disappear. …The feedback (we receive) is not representative of what is actually happening.
Currently available outcomes-driven feedback is predominantly negative.	Physician reports that if something bad happens, clinicians find out from leadership. Physician seems tense when discussing.	…Feedback is limited to lawsuits and bad outcomes. …I get feedback if someone complains or dies.
Emergency Medicine clinicians use workaround solutions to obtain outcome information for cases perceived as interesting or high risk.	Physician leaves patient notes unsigned so that patients’ charts will remain in their electronic health record workflow, forcing additional case review	…I call patients if I’m concerned about them. …I keep a list of patients on my electronic health record profile when I want to see what happened to them.