TABLE 2.

The effects of polyphenol on COPD.

Polyphenol		Sources	Models	Effects	Dose	Application	Ref
Resveratrol	Various plants, nuts and fruits		CSE-induced HBE cell model	Anti-apoptotic effect through the activation SIRT1 and ORP150	20 μmol/L	In vitro	Zhang et al. (2015b)
			CSE-induced Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) model	Anti-apoptosis	40 μM	In vitro	Zong et al. (2021)
			CSE-induced HBE cells model	Reduced apoptosis	20 μM	In vitro	Song et al. (2017)
			CS-induced mice model	Decreased NF-κB activity and the elevated HO-1 expression and activity	1–3 mg/kg	In vivo	Liu et al. (2014a)
			CS- and LPS-induced lung inflammation in a mouse model of COPD	Activating SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathways	50 mg/kg	In vivo	Wang et al. (2017)
			Human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) exposed to lipoteichoic acid (LTA)	Anti-inflammation	10-6-10-4M	In vitro	Knobloch et al. (2014)
			Lymphocytes isolated from patients with COPD	Inhibited the translocation of NF κB, and decreased TNF α	12.5 μmol/l	In vitro	Liu et al. (2016)
			Human airway smooth muscle cells	Anti-inflammatory	10-7-10–3 M	In vitro	Knobloch et al. (2010)
			Dendritic cells (DCs) from COPD patients	Inhibited dysfunction of dendritic cells (DCs)	10 μmol/ml	In vitro	Wang et al. (2015)
			Old mice with COPD induced by CS exposure and LPS instillation	Attenuated left ventricular remodeling	25 mg/kg	In vivo	Hu et al. (2013)
			Prematurely ageing telomerase null (terc−/−) mice	Slowed ageing-related degenerative changes in mouse lungs	1 mg/kg	In vivo	Navarro et al. (2017)
Curcumin	Curcuma longa		In mice model of COPD-like airway inflammation induced by non-typeable haemophilus influenzae exposure (NTHi)	Inhibition of inflammation and lung cancer progression	0.2–2%	In vivo	Moghaddam et al. (2009)
			LPS- and CS-induced COPD murine models; LPS-stimulated BEAS-2B cells	Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling and COX-2	100–200 mg/kg	In vivo	Yuan et al. (2018)
					0.1–10 μmol/L	In vitro
			CSE-treated BEAS-2B cells; CS-induced COPD mice models	Modulating the PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathway	100 mg/kg	In vivo	Li et al. (2019)
					2.5–7.5 mΜ	In vitro
			Patients with mild COPD	Reduced serum atherosclerotic low-density lipoprotein levels in patients with mild COPD	180 mg	In vivo	Funamoto et al. (2016)
			Mice model of COPD established by CSE combined with lipopolysaccharide	Up-regulation of PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway	100 mg/kg	In vivo	Zhang et al. (2017)
			In vitro model of CSE-induced inflammation using human monocytic cell line (U937)	Restored corticosteroid function in monocytes exposed to oxidants by maintaining HDAC2	1–10,000 nM	In vitro	Meja et al. (2008)
			CSE-induced mice model with COPD	Modulating HDAC2 expression and its effect on histone modification	100 μM	In vitro	Gan et al. (2016)
Carvacrol	Zataria multiflora Boiss		Elastase-induced emphysema mice	Anti-inflammatory via suppression of NF-κB	20 mg/kg	In vivo	Games et al. (2016)
			Guinea pigs model of COPD induced by CSE	Attenuated systemic inflammation	60–240 μg/ml	In vitro	Mahtaj et al. (2015)
			Guinea pigs model of COPD exposed to CS	Prevention of tracheal responsiveness and emphysema	60–240 μg/ml	In vitro	Gholami Mahtaj et al. (2015)
			Guinea pigs model of COPD exposed to CS	Against lung inflammation and oxidative stress	60–240 μg/ml	In vivo	Boskabady and Gholami Mahtaj, (2015)
Gallic acid	Rheum palmatum L		Elastase (ET-) + LPS- induced COPD exacerbation like condition in mice model	Prevented the activation of NF κB and elevated the expression of Nrf2	200 mg/kg	In vivo	Singla et al. (2021)
			ET- and CS-induced mice model	Suppressed phosphorylation of p65NF-κB and IκBα along with down-regulation of IL-1β/TNF-α/KC/MIP-2/GCSF genes	200 mg/kg	In vivo	Singla et al. (2020)
Paeonol	Paeonia suffruticosa		CS-induced mice model/CSE-induced HBE cell model	Inhibition of the MAPKs/NF-κB signaling	10 mg/kg	In vivo	Liu et al. (2014b)
					0.05–0.4 mM	In vitro