TABLE 4.
The effects of glycosides on COPD.
| Glycosides | Sources | Models | Effects | Dose | Application | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ginsenoside Rg1 | Panax ginseng | CSE-induced COPD mice; Human embryonic lung fibroblasts exposed to CSE | Suppressed airway fibrosis | 20 mg/kg | In vivo | Guan et al. (2017a) | |
| 40 μM | In vitro | ||||||
| CSE-induced COPD mice and HBE cells model | Attenuated Pulmonary Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) | 5–20 mg/kg | In vivo | Guan et al. (2017b) | |||
| 5–160 μM | In vitro | ||||||
| Ginsenoside Rg3 | Panax ginseng | AECOPD murine model established by CS exposure and NTHi infection; CS- and NTHi stimulation on BEAS-2B | Inhibition of PI3K | 10–40 mg/kg | In vivo | Guan et al. (2020) | |
| 10–160 μM | In vitro | ||||||
| Salidroside | Rhodiola rosea L | CS-induced COPD in mice | Mitigated skeletal muscle atrophy | 50–200 mg/kg | In vivo | Zhang et al. (2019) | |
| CS-induced COPD in mice | Inhibition the MAPK/NF-kB pathway | 20–40 mg/kg | In vivo | Luo et al. (2017) | |||
| Piscroside C | Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum | TNF-α-stimulated human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292 cells) | Inhibited TNF-α/NF-κB pathway by suppression of PKCδ activity for TNF-RSC formation | 2.5–20 μM | In vitro | Lee et al. (2018b) | |
| CS- and LPS-induced COPD mice model; TNF-stimulated human airway epithelial NCIH292 cells | Suppression of IKK/NF-κB activation | 15–30 mg/kg | In vivo | Song et al. (2015) | |||
| 2.5–20 μM | In vitro | ||||||
| Naringin | Grape fruit and citrus fruits | CS-induced COPD mice model | Anti-inflammatory | 20–80 mg/kg | In vivo | Nie et al. (2012) | |
| Paeoniflorin | Paeonia lactiflora | CS-exposed COPD mice model | Attenuated oxidative stress via an Nrf2-dependent mechanism | 40 mg/kg | In vivo | Lin et al. (2016) | |
| Forsythiaside | Forsythia suspensa | CS-induced mice model | Activating Nrf2 and inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathways | 15–60 mg/kg | In vivo | Cheng et al. (2015) | |
| Platycodin D | Platycodon grandiflflorum | CS-induced mice model | Activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway | 20–80 mg/kg | In vivo | Gao et al. (2017) | |
| Saikosaponin a | Radix bupleuri | CS-induced mice model | Inhibited oxidant stress and inflammatory by activating the Nrf2 and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway | 5–20 mg/kg | In vivo | Chen et al. (2018) | |