TABLE 5.

The effects of terpenoids on COPD.

Terpenoids		Sources	Models	Effects	Dose	Application	Ref
Ursolic acid	Loquat leaves, glossy privet leaves, forsythia, Prunella vulgaris		CSE treated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell model; mice model established by A549 cells in nude mice in vivo	Prevented development of lung cancer	10 mg/kg	In vivo	Liu et al. (2012)
					3.2–25 μmol/L	In vitro
			CS-induced mice emphysema model	Down-regulating PERK pathway and up-regulating Nrf2 pathway	10–40 mg/kg	In vivo	Lin et al. (2017)
			CS-induced emphysema mice	Alleviated airway-vessel remodeling and muscle consumption partly through IGF1 and TGF-β1/Smad2.3 signaling pathways	10–40 mg/kg	In vivo	Lin et al. (2019b)
			CES-exposed mice model	Alleviated CSE-induced emphysema and airway remodeling	10–40 mg/kg	In vivo	Lin et al. (2017)
Eucalyptol	Eucalyptus globulus		CS-induced COPD mice model	Promoted lung repair	1–10 mg/kg	In vivo	Kennedy-Feitosa et al. (2019)
			CS-induced COPD mice model	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects via attenuating NF-κB p65 subunit activation	1–10 mg/ml	In vivo	Kennedy-Feitosa et al. (2016)
			CS-induced COPD mice model	Against bacterial invasion through attenuating ciliated cell Damage and suppressing MUC5AC expression	260 mg/kg	In vivo	Yu et al. (2019a)
			CS-induced COPD mice model	Mitigated lung injury by suppressing ICAM-1 gene expression	260 mg/kg	In vivo	Yu et al. (2018b)
Taraxasterol	Taraxacum officinale		CS-induced mice model; CSE- induced HBE cells model	Inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory responses	2.5–10 mg/kg	In vivo	Xueshibojie et al. (2016)
					3–12 μg/ml	In vitro