Table 2.

Similarities and differences between CC and LC in terms of immunological profile and genetic susceptibility

Subtypes of MC	Immunological profile						Genetic predisposition	References
	Chemokine and receptor	Cytokine	Prostaglandin	Growth factor	T-lymphocyte	Others
CC and LC	↑: CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, CX3CL1, CX3CL2, CXCR1, CXCR2	↑: TNF-α mRNA, IFN-γ mRNA, IL-17-A mRNA, IL-10, IL-21, IL-23	↑: COX-2	–	↑: Th1/Tc1, Th17/Tc17, Ki67+ T, CD45RO+ T, FoxP3+ Treg	↓: TRECs	–	[10, 39–42]
CC	↑: CXCR3, CX3CR1, CCR3, CCR5, CCR7, CCR8, CCR10	↑: IL-6	–	↑: VEGF, CTGF, TGF-β1, bFGF	–	↑: TIMP1, CfB, miR-31, T-bet	HLA haplotype 8.1	[10, 28, 39, 40, 42, 43]
	↓: CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL12, CXCL13, XCL1, CCL7, CCL8, CCL16
LC	↑: CXCL11, CXCL8, CCL3, CCL5	↑: IL-15 mRNA	–	–	↓: CD4+T, CD4+CD8+T, CD4-CD8-T;	↑: T-bet/GATA-3.	–	[10, 42]
					↑: CD8+T, CD4+γδ +T	↓: TcRβ V-J: eveness, diversity

↑: increased indicator level; ↓: decreased indicator level; –, not mentioned; CC, collagenous colitis; LC, lymphocytic colitis; MC, microscopic colitis; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; CCL, chemokine c-c motif ligand; CX3CL, C-X-3-C motif chemokine ligand; CXCR, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; COX, cyclooxygenases; Th, helper T-cell; CD, Cluster of Differentiation; FoxP3, forkhead box protein P3; Treg, regulatory T-cell; TREC, T-cell receptor excision circle; CX3CR, C-X-3-C motif chemokine receptor; CCR, C-C chemokine receptor; XCL, X-C motif chemokine ligand; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; CfB, complement factor B; miR, miRNA; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; T-bet, T-box transcription factor; GATA, a class of transcriptional regulators that normally recognize the consensus sequence WGATAR (W = T or A; R = G or A); TcRβ V-J, T-cell antigen receptor beta chain variable-J.