FIGURE 4.

Schematic highlights of the complex network on multiple factors involved in signaling pathways for ER stress-induced pyroptosis. Following injury, pro-inflammatory mediators of proIL-1β, NLRP3, and caspase-11 are increased transcription. ProIL-1β and TXNIP facilitate the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome that cleaves procaspase-1 to active caspase-1, which in turn leads to process maturation of the IL-1β and initiating pyroptosis with the feature of plasma membrane rupture and DNA fragmentation along with multifarious cytopathological changes.