Table 3.
Characteristics of patients with prehospital norepinephrine administration (early NE) and patients without prehospital norepinephrine administration (non early NE)
| Non early NE (n = 335) | Early NE (n = 143) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 70 ± 16 | 67 ± 12 | 0.066 |
| Hypertension | 145 (43%) | 51 (36%) | 0.122 |
| Chronic cardiac failure | 74 (22%) | 31 (22%) | 0.921 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 84 (25%) | 45 (31%) | 0.150 |
| Cancer history | 118 (35%) | 51 (36%) | 0.927 |
| COPD | 43 (13%) | 27 (19%) | 0.089 |
| Chronic renal failure | 53 (16%) | 15 (10%) | 0.129 |
| Prehospital | |||
| SBP (mmHg) | 104 ± 45 | 84 ± 26 | < 10–3 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 61 ± 19 | 50 ± 21 | < 10–3 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 74 ± 21 | 61 ± 22 | < 10–3 |
| HR (beats min−1) | 113 ± 28 | 116 ± 30 | 0.323 |
| RR (movements min−1) | 30 [22–36] | 29 [22–35] | 0.964 |
| Pulse oximetry (%) | 92 [85–96] | 92 [84–96] | 0.225 |
| Body core temperature (°C) | 38.4 [36.9–39.1] | 38.0 [36.1–39.1] | 0.078 |
| Glasgow coma scale | 15 [13–15] | 14 [10–15] | < 10–3 |
| Blood lactate (mmol l−1) | 5.4 ± 3.1 | 6.7 ± 3.7 | 0.006 |
| Fluid expansion (ml) | 700 [500–1000] | 1000 [750–1500] | < 10–3 |
| Fluid expansion indexed on body weight (ml kg−1) | 12 ± 8 | 18 ± 10 | < 10–3 |
| Norepinephrine administration | 0 (0%) | 143 (100%) | – |
| Norepinephrine dose (mcg kg−1 min−1) | 0.25 [0.13–0.47] | – | – |
| Prehospital AB administration | 92 (33%) | 32 (22%) | 0.206 |
| Prehospital duration (min) | 73 ± 29 | 80 ± 36 | 0.093 |
| Hospital | |||
| Initial SBP (mmHg) | 105 ± 25 | 104 ± 27 | 0.761 |
| Initial DBP (mmHg) | 62 ± 18 | 61 ± 20 | 0.887 |
| Initial MBP (mmHg) | 76 ± 19 | 76 ± 22 | 0.891 |
| Initial HR (beats min−1) | 108 ± 25 | 104 ± 26 | 0.067 |
| Initial RR (movements min−1) | 25 [20–32] | 22 [17–30] | 0.002 |
| Initial pulse oximetry (%) | 97 [94–99] | 97 [95–99] | 0.303 |
| Initial body core temperature (°C) | 38.0 [36.0–39.0] | 36.1 [35.8–39.1] | 0.768 |
| Initial Glasgow coma scale | 15 [14–15] | 14 [14–15] | 0.890 |
| Initial blood lactate (mmol l−1) | 4.0 ± 3.1 | 5.1 ± 3.9 | 0.004 |
| SOFA score | 5 [3–9] | 8 [5–10] | < 10–3 |
| SAPS2 score | 59 ± 20 | 63 ± 24 | 0.091 |
| In-ICU length of stay (days) | 3 [1–8] | 6 [3–10] | 0.023 |
| In-hospital length of stay (days) | 10 [5–18] | 12 [6–21] | 0.107 |
Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation for quantitative parameters (normal distribution), as median and interquartile range for quantitative parameters (non-Gaussian distribution), and as absolute value and percentage for qualitative parameters. The p-value corresponds to the comparison between patients with prehospital norepinephrine administration (early NE) and patients without prehospital norepinephrine administration (non early NE)
SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MBP mean blood pressure, HR heart rate, RR respiratory rate, ICU intensive care unit, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, SAPS2 simplified acute physiology score 2nd version, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AB antibiotic therapy, min minutes
Values in bold indicate a p-value < 0.05 between living and deceased patients