TABLE 1.
Characteristics of chart reviews and cohort studies
| Lead author | Year | Country | Study description | Patients age | Sample size | Type of complication | Number of complications | Complication rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuncer | 2017 | Turkey | Male patients who underwent circumcisions between May 2014 and May 2015 in two separate paediatric surgery clinics were retrospectively analysed using the hospital registry system. | 0–18 years | 2062 | Infection (minor and major) | 2 | 1% |
| Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 11 | |||||||
| Scrotal injuries | 1 | |||||||
| Meatitis | 1 | |||||||
| Trapped/buried/concealed/inconspicuous penis | 6 | |||||||
| Hung | 2018 | USA | A longitudinal population analysis of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database between 2005 and 2010, calculating early and late complications of male circumcisions. | <5 years | 24 432 | Infection (minor and major) | 50 | 1% |
| Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 171 | |||||||
| Nonhealing wound | 23 | |||||||
| Srinivasan | 2015 | USA | A retrospective chart review of patients circumcised at a well‐baby nursery, neonatal intensive care units (NICU), and special care nursery from 2007 to 2012. | Range of 0–144 days | 7038 | Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 4 | 0.64% |
| Meatal stenosis | 3 | |||||||
| Trapped/buried/concealed/inconspicuous penis | 9 | |||||||
| Insufficient foreskin removal/redundant foreskin | 13 | |||||||
| Skin bridges (penile skin adhesion) | 16 | |||||||
| Elalfy | 2012 | Egypt | 25 patients with known severe haemophilia A less than 36 months old were circumcised. | <3 years | 25 | Bleeding in the context of a genetic condition: haemophilia, sickle cell trait and factor VII deficiency | 1 | 4% |
| Yilmaz | 2010 | Turkey | Retrospective review of medical records of 50 patients with haemophilia who underwent circumcision at their hospital according to Izmir protocol between 1996 and 2009. | 13 months | 50 | Bleeding in the context of a genetic condition: haemophilia, sickle cell trait and factor VII deficiency | 3 | 6% |
| Rodriguez | 2009 | USA | Search of the patient database for records of children who were followed up at the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Hemophilia Center from 2000 through 2007 and who had been circumcised. | Birth to 7 years | 48 | Bleeding in the context of a genetic condition: haemophilia, sickle cell trait and factor VII deficiency | 11 | 22.92% |
| Ferhatoglu | 2019 | Turkey | A review of 9 years of records from Bursa State Hospital | Mean = 94 months | 1096 | Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 16 | 11.68% |
| Penile hematoma | 4 | |||||||
| Oedema | 108 | |||||||
| Kidger | 2012 | UK | A retrospective study was performed of outcomes of Plastibell circumcision in a community‐based circumcision service provided by trained paediatric surgeons. | n/a | 560 | Phimosis (secondary) | 5 | 0.89% |
| Litwiller | 2017 | USA | Observational cohort study of 260 infants undergoing circumcision with Gomco clamp. Vitamin K was given to neonates at delivery. Demographic data, procedural characteristics, bleeding complications and interventions were recorded. | 1–12 days | 260 | Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 31 | 11.9% |
| Talini | 2018 | Brazil | Retrospective analysis of medical records of patients submitted to circumcision from May 1, 2015, to May 31, 2016, to evaluate post‐operative complications of circumcision requiring surgical reintervention. | 5.27 years | 2441 | Infection (minor and major) | 2 | 1.88% |
| Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 26 | |||||||
| Preputial stenosis | 18 | |||||||
| Heras | 2018 | USA | A retrospective chart review of all term neonates who had circumcision performed between August 2011 and December 2014 at two community hospitals in New York. | 0–18 days | 1064 | Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 41 | 3.85% |
| Plank | 2013 | Botswana | A case of probable vitamin K deficiency bleeding that occurred during a clinical trial of infant circumcision. | 1–10 days | 150 | Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 6 | 4% |
| Feinberg | 2010 | USA | A prospective cohort study of 537 consecutive Gomco circumcisions. The authors defined bleeding and operator experience, both current and long term, and sought to correlate them. | 39.33 weeks | 537 | Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency) | 24 | 4.47% |
| Odoyo‐June | 2015 | Kenya | A PrePex implementation study in routine service delivery among 427 men in the age range of 18–49 in western Kenya. | 18–49 years | 427 | Device displacement | 5 | 2.8% |
| Early sloughing of foreskin tissue | 3 | |||||||
| Long foreskin obstructing urine flow | 2 | |||||||
| Insufficient foreskin removal/redundant foreskin | 2 | |||||||
| Morris | 2017 | Australia | A meta‐analysis of 27 studies (350 meatal stenosis cases among 1 498 536 males) found that the risk of meatal stenosis in circumcised males was 0.656%. | <1 year | 1 498 536 | Meatal stenosis | 27 | 0.656% |