TABLE 4.

Possible complications arising from male circumcision surgeries

Complication	Description
1. Extensive penile skin defects/avulsion	Penile resurfacing using a reverse bilateral anterior scrotal artery flap 18 Penile injuries from proximal migration of the Plastibell circumcision ring 19 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20
2. Infection (minor and major)	Newborn male circumcision 21 Infectious complications of circumcision and their prevention 22 Examination of short and long term complications of thermocautery, plastic clamping, and surgical circumcision techniques 23 A longitudinal population analysis of cumulative risks of circumcision 24 Acute ischemia of the glans penis after circumcision treated with hyperbaric therapy and pentoxifylline: Case report and revision of the literature 25 Canadian Pediatrics Society position statement on newborn circumcision: A risk‐benefit analysis revisited 26 Complications of circumcision 27 Complications following circumcision: Presentations to the emergency department 28 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20 Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 Male circumcision from an infectiological point of view 6 Circumcision: Postoperative complications that required reoperation 30 Reconstruction of the penile skin loss due to ‘radical’ circumcision with a full thickness skin graft 31 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
3. Penile herpes simplex virus type 1 infection (after Jewish ritual circumcision)	Penile herpes simplex virus type 1 infection presenting two and a half years after Jewish ritual circumcision of an infant 33 Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections in Israel 34
4. Necrosis	Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Delayed glans necrosis after circumcision: Role of testosterone in salvaging glans 35 Complications of circumcision 27 Penile injuries from proximal migration of the Plastibell circumcision ring 19 Ischemia of the glans penis following circumcision: Case report and revision of the literature 36 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32 Penile resurfacing for denuded penis following circumcision 37
5. Partial penile/glans amputation	Circumcision‐related tragedies seen in children at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana 38 Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Complications of high volume circumcision: Glans amputation in adolescents; a case report 39 Canadian Pediatrics Society position statement on newborn circumcision: A risk‐benefit analysis revisited 26 Complications of neonatal circumcision requiring surgical intervention in a developing country 40 Complications of circumcision 27 Surgical repair of traumatic amputation of the glans 41 Bleeding complications after ritual circumcision: About six children 42 Surgically correctable morbidity from male circumcision: Indications for specialist surgical care in Lagos 43 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20
6. Complete penile amputation	Complete penile amputation during ritual neonatal circumcision and successful replantation using postoperative leech therapy 44 Circumcision‐related tragedies seen in children at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana 38
7. Penile haematoma	Evaluation of male circumcision: Retrospective analysis of one hundred and ninety‐eight patients 45
8. Bleeding in the context of a genetic condition: haemophilia, sickle cell trait and factor VII deficiency	Sickle cell trait and haemophilia: A rare association 46 A newborn with simmering bleeding after circumcision 47 Déficit congénital en facteur VII révélé par une hémorragie post circoncision 48 Circumcision in males with bleeding disorders 49 Risk of bleeding and inhibitor development after circumcision of previously untreated or minimally treated severe hemophilia A children 50 A single centre experience in circumcision of haemophilia patients: Izmir protocol 51 To circumcise or not to circumcise? Circumcision in patients with bleeding disorders 52 Neonatal circumcision in severe haemophilia: A survey of paediatric haematologists at United States Hemophilia Treatment Centers 53 A rare but important adverse event associated with adult voluntary medical male circumcision: Prolonged bleeding 54
9. Oedema	Evaluation of male circumcision: Retrospective analysis of one hundred and ninety‐eight patients 45 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
10. Keloids	Keloid formation after pediatric male genital surgeries: An uncommon and difficult problem to manage 55 A rare presentation of penile keloids after traditional circumcision: Case report 56 Keloid formation after circumcision and its treatment 57
11. Phimosis (referring to pathological phimosis)	Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Secondary phimosis after circumcision 58 Acquired phimosis after plastibell circumcision: A preventable consequence 59 Complications of circumcision 27 Revisions after unsatisfactory adult circumcisions 60 Dermatological complications of circumcision: Lesson learned from cases in a pediatric dermatology practice 61
12. Sudden infant death syndrome	Neonatal circumcision and prematurity are associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 62
13. Haemorrhage/bleeding (outside of a genetic deficiency)	Circumcision bleeding complications: Neonatal intensive care infants compared to those in the normal newborn nursery 63 Circumcision: Postoperative complications that required reoperation 30 Immediate complications of elective newborn circumcision 64 A longitudinal population analysis of cumulative risks of circumcision 24 Evaluation of male circumcision: Retrospective analysis of one hundred and ninety‐eight patients 45 Acute ischemia of the glans penis after circumcision treated with hyperbaric therapy and pentoxifylline: Case report and revision of the literature 25 Canadian Pediatrics Society position statement on newborn circumcision: A risk‐benefit analysis revisited 26 Neonatal circumcision: New recommendations & implications for practice 1 Vitamin K deficiency bleeding and early infant male circumcision in Africa 65 Complications of circumcision 27 Bleeding complications after ritual circumcision: About six children 42 Complications following circumcision: Presentations to the emergency department 28 Surgically correctable morbidity from male circumcision: Indications for specialist surgical care in Lagos 43 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20 Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 Bleeding at circumcision: Patient or operator issue 66 Male circumcision from an infectiological point of view 6 Examination of short and long term complications of thermocautery, plastic clamping, and surgical circumcision techniques 23 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
14. Nonhealing wound	A longitudinal population analysis of cumulative risks of circumcision 24 Revisions after unsatisfactory adult circumcisions 60 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
15. Scrotal injuries	Examination of short and long term complications of thermocautery, plastic clamping, and surgical circumcision techniques 23 Scrotal injuries during neonatal circumcision 67
16. Preputial stenosis	Circumcision: Postoperative complications that required reoperation 30
17. Meatal stenosis	Complication of newborn circumcision: Meatal stenosis or meatal web 68 Does circumcision increase meatal stenosis risk?—A systematic review and meta‐analysis 69 Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Circumcision: Postoperative complications that required reoperation 30 Are mechanical and chemical trauma the reason of meatal stenosis after newborn circumcision 70 Canadian Pediatrics Society position statement on newborn circumcision: A risk‐benefit analysis revisited 26 Neonatal circumcision: New recommendations & implications for practice 1 Complications of neonatal circumcision requiring surgical intervention in a developing country 40 Complications of circumcision 27 Incidence of asymptomatic meatal stenosis in children following neonatal circumcision 71 Surgically correctable morbidity from male circumcision: Indications for specialist surgical care in Lagos 43 Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 Meatal stenosis in boys following circumcision for lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans) 72
18. Cicatrix	Combination treatment for cicatrix after neonatal circumcision: An office‐based solution to a challenging problem 73 Revisions after unsatisfactory adult circumcisions 60 Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29
19. Meatitis	Examination of short and long term complications of thermocautery, plastic clamping, and surgical circumcision techniques 23 Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Complications of circumcision 27 Male circumcision from an infectiological point of view 6
20. Trapped/buried/concealed/inconspicuous penis	Examination of short and long term complications of thermocautery, plastic clamping, and surgical circumcision techniques 23 Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Dermatological complications of circumcision: Lesson learned from cases in a pediatric dermatology practice 61 Complications of neonatal circumcision requiring surgical intervention in a developing country 40 Inconspicuous penis 74 Complications of circumcision 27 Reconstruction of the penile skin loss due to ‘radical’ circumcision with a full thickness skin graft 31 Buried and trapped penis: A case report 75 Surgically correctable morbidity from male circumcision: Indications for specialist surgical care in Lagos 43 The relationship between obesity and complications after neonatal circumcision 76 Buried penis after newborn circumcision 77 Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 The inconspicuous penis in children 78 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
21. Urethrocutaneous fistula	Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Complications of neonatal circumcision requiring surgical intervention in a developing country 40 Complications of circumcision 27 Multiple circumferential urethrocutaneous fistulae as a rare complication of circumcision and review of literature 79 Penile injuries from proximal migration of the Plastibell circumcision ring 19 Surgically correctable morbidity from male circumcision: Indications for specialist surgical care in Lagos 43 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20 Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 Circumcision‐related tragedies seen in children at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana 38 Penile epidermal inclusion cyst 80
22. Iatrogenic hypospadias	Circumcision‐related tragedies seen in children at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana 38 Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Complications of circumcision 27
23. Intraperitoneal bladder perforation (leading to life‐threatening renal failure)	Intraperitoneal bladder perforation and life‐threatening renal failure in a neonate following circumcision with the Plastibell device 81
24. Circulatory shock	Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
25. Death (from bleeding or infection)	Newborn male circumcision 82 Canadian Pediatrics Society position statement on newborn circumcision: A risk‐benefit analysis revisited 26 A newborn with simmering bleeding after circumcision 47 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
26. Unsatisfactory cosmetic results including uncircumcised appearance	Newborn male circumcision 82 Neonatal circumcision: New recommendations & implications for practice 1 Revisions after unsatisfactory adult circumcisions 60
27. Device displacement	Unexpected complications following adult medical male circumcision using the PrePex Device 83 Penile injuries from proximal migration of the Plastibell circumcision ring 19 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20
28. Early sloughing of foreskin tissue	Unexpected complications following adult medical male circumcision using the PrePex Device 83
29. Long foreskin obstructing urine flow	Unexpected complications following adult medical male circumcision using the PrePex Device 83
30. Insufficient foreskin removal/redundant foreskin	Unexpected complications following adult medical male circumcision using the PrePex Device 83 Acute ischemia of the glans penis after circumcision treated with hyperbaric therapy and pentoxifylline: Case report and revision of the literature 25 Complications of circumcision 27 Revisions after unsatisfactory adult circumcisions 60 Buried and trapped penis: A case report 75 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20 Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 Circumcision‐related tragedies seen in children at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana 38 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
31. (Acute) Ischaemia (which can lead to necrosis)	Acute ischemia of the glans penis after circumcision treated with hyperbaric therapy and pentoxifylline: Case report and revision of the literature 25 Ischemia of the glans 24 hours after circumcision: A case report and therapeutic solution 84 An unexpected complication: Glans ischemia after circumcision. Review of the literature 85 Ischemia of the glans penis following circumcision: Case report and revision of the literature 36
32. Pain	Acute ischemia of the glans penis after circumcision treated with hyperbaric therapy and pentoxifylline: Case report and revision of the literature 25 Complications of circumcision 27 Complications following circumcision: Presentations to the emergency department 28 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
33. Skin bridges (penile skin adhesion)	Neonatal circumcision: New recommendations & implications for practice 1 Dermatological complications of circumcision: Lesson learned from cases in a pediatric dermatology practice 61 Complications of circumcision 27 Surgically correctable morbidity from male circumcision: Indications for specialist surgical care in Lagos 43 The relationship between obesity and complications after neonatal circumcision 76 Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 Circumcision‐related tragedies seen in children at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana 38
34. Fournier's gangrene	Fournier's gangrene‐delayed pedicle flap based upon the anterior abdominal wall 86 Fournier's gangrene after adult male circumcision 87
35. Penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene	Devastating penile mycosis leading to penile gangrene 88
36. Glandular adhesion (of remnant foreskin)	Dermatological complications of circumcision: Lesson learned from cases in a pediatric dermatology practice 61 Complications of neonatal circumcision requiring surgical intervention in a developing country 40 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20
37. Implantation dermoid/epidermal inclusion cysts/penile implantation cyst	Surgically correctable morbidity from male circumcision: Indications for specialist surgical care in Lagos 43 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20 Complications of neonatal circumcision requiring surgical intervention in a developing country 40 Circumcision‐related tragedies seen in children at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana 38 Nontherapeutic circumcision of minors as an ethically problematic form of iatrogenic injury 4 Dermatological complications of circumcision: Lesson learned from cases in a pediatric dermatology practice 61 Penile epidermal inclusion cyst 80 Complications of circumcision 27 Penile epidermal inclusion cyst 89 Epidermal inclusion cyst as a rare complication of neonatal male circumcision: A case report 90
38. Myiasis (fly infestation)	Myiasis as a rare complication of male circumcision: A case report and review of literature 91
39. Denuded penis	Penile resurfacing for denuded penis following circumcision 37
40. Chordee	Complications of circumcision 27 Circumcision mishaps in Nigerian children 20
41. Suture sinus tracts	Complications of circumcision 27
42. Lower clinical neurophysiological elicitability of the penilo‐cavernosus reflex	Clinical elicitation of the penilo‐cavernosus reflex in circumcised men 92
43. Sexual dysfunction	Reconstruction of the penile skin loss due to ‘radical’ circumcision with a full thickness skin graft 31
44. Traumatic neuroma	Traumatic neuroma of the penis after circumcision—Case report 93
45. Decreased urine output	Complications following circumcision: Presentations to the emergency department 28
46. Excessive skin removal	Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32
47. Injury to urethra	Rates of complications after newborn circumcision in a well‐baby nursery, special care nursery, and neonatal intensive care unit 29 Serious complications in male infant circumcisions in Scandinavia indicate that this always be performed as a hospital‐based procedure 32